ZAUNER ZEALAND. 



159 



ZAUNER, FRANCIS DE, was born at Feldpatan, 

 in German Tyrol, in 1746. He early evinced a 

 decided taste for sculpture. In 1766, he went to 

 Vienna, where he worked for five years with pro- 

 fessor Schletterer. He studied with great zeal ; 

 and, a proposal having been made to set up some 

 statues at Schonbrunn (q. v.), he offered to cast 

 them. Prince Kaunitz (q. v.) ordered him to bring 

 within fifteen days a model for a spring, represent- 

 ing the three largest rivers of Austria. The model I 

 met with approbation. It was executed on a large 

 scale ; and the empress Maria Theresa took the 

 artist into favour. Zauner received, in 1776, assis- 

 tance from the government to go to Rome, where 

 he studied for four years. In 1781, he was made 

 professor of sculpture in Vienna. He improved 

 the manner of studying this art in the Austrian 

 capital, and executed a number of works ; among 

 others, the colossal statue of the emperor Joseph 

 II., which the emperor Francis II. caused to be 

 erected, in honour of his uncle, in the Joseph square, 

 in 1807. It is one of the largest statues in Europe. 

 Zauner cast the statue in a manner invented by 

 himself, which succeeded perfectly. He also exe- 

 cuted the monument of the emperor Leopold II. in 

 white marbje, in the church of St Augustine. 

 There are many busts, statues and bass-reliefs by 

 this artist. Zauner died in 1822, in Vienna. 



ZEA. See Maize. 



ZEA, FRANCISCO ANTONIO, was born at Medellin, 

 in the province of Antioquia, in New Grenada, 

 Oct. 20, 1770. He studied at the university of 

 Bogota, and, at an early age, attained very distin- 

 guished academic honours there. When the govern- 

 ment undertook to explore the vegetable riches of 

 the country, young Zea was associated with the learn- 

 ed Mutis in this commission. In 1794, he was im- 

 prisoned in consequence of the freedom of his ob- 

 servations upon political subjects, at the same time 

 with don Antonio Narino and other lovers of liber- 

 ty. The particular offence of which he was ac- 

 cused, was having participated in certain seditious 

 meetings and compositions, tending to the indepen- 

 dence of New Grenada. His trial lasted several 

 years, during which he was held in confinement, 

 first in America, and then subsequently in Spain, 

 whither the decision of the cause was transferred ; 

 and, at the expiration of that time, he was dis- 

 charged, it being considered that his long imprison- 

 ment had sufficiently punished him for his impru- 

 dence. But, when restored to liberty, he was not 

 permitted to return to America, being obliged, on 

 various pretexts, to reside in France, with a pen- 

 sion of 6000 francs. In 1802, he returned to Spain, 

 and was made adjunct director of the botanic gar- 

 den of Madrid, and, in 1804, director-iii-chief, and 

 professor of natural sciences, notwithstanding his 

 anxiety for permission to revisit his native country. 

 The revolution of Aranjuez, which found him en- 

 gaged in scientific researches, drew him into the 

 public service. He was nominated a member of 

 the junta of notables, which met at Bayonne in 

 1808. Afterwards he had the direction of a part 

 of the ministry of the interior, and, finally, was 

 prefect of Malaga until the retreat of the French 

 army. This event enabled him to terminate his 

 banishment. In 1814, he embarked from England, 

 and hastened to join Bolivar in his expedition 

 against the Spaniards of Venezuela. Thenceforth, 

 Zea became a party to all the exertions of the strug- 

 gling patriots, as the friend, the adviser, and the 

 political guide of Bolivar. He was successively 



intendant-general of the liberating army, president 

 of the congress of Angostura, and vice-president of 

 the republic of Columbia, and, finally, envoy extra- 

 ordinary and minister plenipotentiary to all those 

 courts in Europe to which he might think proper 

 to address himself, being invested with the whole 

 representation of Columbia, for every species of 

 affairs. His commission is dated Dec. 24, 1819. 

 Zea appeared in London in 1820, invested with 

 these unlimited powers, and, although he did not 

 succeed in obtaining an acknowledgment of the 

 independence of his country, yet he was every 

 where heard with respect, and negotiated a loan for 

 2,000,000 sterling with a company of English 

 bankers at Paris, March 13, 1822. The terms of 

 the loan were, as might be expected, rather un- 

 favourable to the new republic, and, in the sequel, 

 drew much obliquy upon Zea. Rumours arose that 

 his powers were defective ; but a full examination 

 proved that the report was wholly unfounded, 

 and the loan, although censured by the Colombian 

 congress, was recognised and confirmed. The 

 financial embarrassments of the republic ought not 

 to occasion any reflections upon the memory of Zea, 

 who did every thing for the interest of his country 

 which circumstances would permit. He died at 

 Bath, of an aneurism of the heart, Nov. 28, 1822, 

 aged fifty-two years, 



ZEALAND, OR ZEELAND; a province of 

 Holland, comprising the ancient county of Zealand 

 and Dutch Flanders, composed chiefly of islands at 

 the mouth of the Scheldt, namely, Schowen, Dui- 

 veland, Tholen, Walcheren, North and South Be- 

 veland, and Wolfersdyk. The continental part 

 consists merely of a strip lying along the south 

 bank of the Hond, or West Scheldt. The province 

 is bounded north by the Hond, or West Scheldt, 

 east and south by East Flanders, and west by West 

 Flanders and the sea ; in 1829, population 123,184; 

 square miles, 625. The chief towns are Middle- 

 burg, Flushing, and Zierick-see. The surface is 

 level, and lies so low that it is necessary to pro- 

 tect the country from inundation by strong dikes, 

 which are kept up at great labour and expense. 

 These dikes are from twenty to thirty yards broad 

 at the bottom, and of sufficient width at the top for 

 two carriages to pass abreast ; yet the country has 

 been exposed to heavy calamities from the sea's 

 breaking over the dikes in storms. The soil is a 

 rich, black mould, excellent for pasturage, and for 

 the culture of madder, flax, cole-seed, &c. The 

 exports are corn, madder, flax, salt, meat, linen 

 yarn, rape seed, and oil. The air is damp from 

 exhalations of fresh water, productive of bilious 

 complaints and agues. The majority of the inha- 

 bitants are Calvinists ; there are, also, some Ca- 

 tholics, Lutherans, and Mennonists. See Nethcr- 



ZEALAND, OR SEEL AND; the lafgest of the 

 Danish islands between the Cattegat and the Baltic, 

 separated from Sweden by the Sound, and from 

 Funen by the Great Belt ; about sixty-five miles 

 long from north to south, and sixty from east to 

 west ; square miles, 2800 ; population, 296,350. It 

 has no mountains; but the surface is finely variegated, 

 having small hills and fields of a fertile soil, inter- 

 sected by canals, resembling in some parts, in sum- 

 mer, when the ground is covered with vegetation, 

 the country of Lombardy. It produces large crops 

 of corn, and has excellent pasture. Besides several 

 towns of considerable importance, it contains the 

 fortress of Elsinore, or Helsingor, and the capital 



