172 



ZIETEN ZIMMERMAN*. 



Madras the following August, whemv be proceeded 

 To Tranquebar, and resumed his functions. In- 

 spirited by the encouragement which he had met 

 with in Europe, in I7IH, hi- took tin ex I CUM vu 

 journey by land, und wax fulfilling the ulijcct of his 

 mission with great real and success, when In- was 

 attacked by the cholera morhus, and died February 

 _>?, 1719, in the thirty-ixtli year of his age. He 

 WHS the author of some accounts in German of the 

 particulars of his mission; of Grammatica Damu- 

 / (Halle, 1716, 4to.); Brevis Delineatio Mis- 

 tionis Operif (1717); Ejrplicatio Doctrines Chris- 

 tiana l>a>Hulii-c (1719, 8vo.); Biblin Damulirn 

 (1723). In some of these works he was assisted 

 by his brother missionaries Grundler and ScbulU. 



ZIETEN. See Ziethen. 



XIKTHEN, HAXS JOACHIM VON, Prussian gen- 

 eral of cavalry, knight of the order of the black 

 eagle, &c., one of the most distinguished generals 

 of Frederic the Great in the seven years' war, was 

 born in 1G99, at Wustrau, a village in the county 

 of Rappin, in Brandenburg, and began his military 

 career when fourteen years old. After some time, 

 he left the service, but returned to it in 1726, and 

 was appointed lieutenant. A quarrel with his cap. 

 tain occasioned his imprisonment for a year. A duel 

 in which he was engaged, soon after his release, 

 caused his dismission from his corps. In 1730, 

 however, he was again taken into the service. In 

 1731, he was made captain of cavalry, and, in 1735, 

 made his first campaign against France. In 1736, 

 he was made major, and, in the course of the first 

 Silesian war, lieutenant-colonel. A few days after, 

 he came near taking his former teacher, general 

 Baronay, prisoner, upon which Frederic made him 

 colonel, and gave him a regiment of hussars. In 

 the campaign of 1742, he approached very near 

 Vienna, with a corps of 15,000 men. When the 

 second Silesian war broke out, in 1744, Ziethen 

 was made major-general. He distinguished him- 

 self greatly in many engagements, and, on one oc- 

 casion, marched through the Austrian army, having 

 ordered his soldiers to turn their cloaks inside out, 

 so that the white lining looked like the Austrian 

 uniform. He was wounded, November 23, at 

 Catholic Hennersdorf. His enemies succeeded in 

 making Frederic ill disposed towards him ; but he 

 became reconciled to him shortly before the break- 

 ing out of the third Silesian war. The reconcilia- 

 tion took place in a manner which is creditable to 

 Frederic. Ziethen was very active in the course 

 of that war, and greatly distinguished himself. At 

 Kollin he was wounded. At Leuthen he broke the 

 path to victory. At Liegnitz he was made general 

 of cavalry on the field of battle. The battle at 

 Torgau was decided by him, though he received 

 undeserved censure from Frederic. Soon after the 

 peace of Hubertsburg, in 1763, he married a second 

 time, when sixty-five years old; and the first son 

 of this union was made a cornet in the cradle by 

 Frederic. Frederic gave him many and repeated 

 marks of his favour. Though seventy-nine years 

 old, he wished to take part in the Bavarian war of 

 succession ; but Frederic declined his repeated of- 

 fers. Ziethen was a man of a noble and frank 

 spirit, and a favourite with the whole nation. He 

 died in 1786, in Berlin. His life was written by L. 

 J. Leopoldina von Blumenhagen (Berlin, 1800") 



ZIGETH. See Szigeth. 



ZIMARRA. See Masks. 



ZIMMER, PATRICIUS BENEDICT, a Catholic 

 theologian, born at Abtsgemiind, on February 22, 



1752, studied at Ellwangcn and Dillingen, received 

 orders in 1775, and was made, in 1783, professor of 

 dogmatics in the university ut Dillingen. In 1795, 

 he was dismissed for reason- nut assigned, and be- 

 came pastoral Steinheim: in 17'.'!> he was appointed 

 professor of dogmatics at Ingolstadt, and, in 1800, 

 was transferred to the university of Landshut ; in 

 1806, was dismissed, probably for favouring the 

 philosophy of identity, so called; but, after six 

 months, was appointed professor of archaeology and 

 exegesis. In 1819 and 1820, while rector of the 

 university, he was elected deputy of the second 

 chamber of Bavaria, where he was chairman of the 

 committee on the laws. He died in 1S20. Among 

 his theological writings are Dins, de vcra et com- 

 pleta Potestate ecclesiantiru illiusi/iic Su/iji <ii (Dil- 

 lingen, 1784) ; Theoloyice Christit'iiee theoretics 

 Sjistcina eo JNexu utque Ordine delinealum, quo om- 

 nium optime traili explanarique posse vidctur (part i, 

 ibid., 1787); Veritas Christ. Reliy., seu Theol. 

 Christ. doijtnutictK (parts i, and ii, Augsburg, 1789 

 1790) ; Fides Existentis Dei, sive de Oriyitn hti- 

 jus Fidei, unde ea derivari possit et debeat crilicum 

 Examen, &c. (1791). Among his philosophical 

 works are Philosophical Doctrine of Religion (1 

 vol.); Doctrine of the Idea of the Absolute (1805); 

 Philosophical Inquiries respecting the general De- 

 generacy of Mankind (3 vols., 1809). The three 

 last are in German. 



Z1MMERMANN, JOHN GEORGE, chevalier von, 

 an eminent physician and miscellaneous writer, was 

 born in 1728, at Brug, in the canton of Berne, of 

 which his father was a senator. After receiving a 

 regular education, he made choice of the medical 

 profession, and repaired to the university of Gottin- 

 gen, where he studied under Haller, a relation of 

 whom he subsequently married, and soon after was 

 appointed public physician to his native town of 

 Brug. In this retired situation, he employed his 

 leisure in the publication of pieces both in prose 

 and verse, and, among others, the first sketch of 

 his popular work On Solitude. This was followed 

 by his essay On National Pride, which passed 

 through several editions, and was translated into 

 various foreign languages. In 1763, he composed 

 his work On the Experience of Medicine, which he 

 followed up by several other professional treatises ; 

 in consequence of which he received an offer of the 

 post of physician to the king of England for Han- 

 over, which he accepted, and removed, in 1768, to 

 that capital. His work On Solitude was published 

 in four volumes, octavo. In 1786, he attended 

 Frederic in his last illness, which afforded little 

 room for medical skill, but enabled him to publish 

 an account of his conversations with that celebrated 

 sovereign ; e. g. On Frederic the Great, and my 

 Conversation with him shortly before his Death 

 (Leipsic, 1788), and Fragments on Frederic the 

 Great works which did not increase his reputa- 

 tion. He also undertook a defence of that prince 

 from the censures of Mirabeau, which writings ex- 

 posed him to severe criticism. His mind was 

 further disquieted by the part which he took in the 

 controversies which arose out of the discussions 

 that led to the French revolution. Attached by 

 court habits and birth to the cause of royalty and 

 aristocracy, he viewed with extreme jealousy every 

 thing which exhibited the slightest tendency to af- 

 fect them. He even proceeded so far as to address 

 a memoir to the emperor Leopold, recommending 

 the suppression of certain societies, of which he 

 disapproved, by the hand of power, and involved 



