ZINGARELLI ZINZENDORF. 



17-5 



ore ; and the metallic zinc, thus set free, rises in a 

 melted state to the top of the crucible, descends 

 through the iron tube, and is condensed in the water 

 in the form of drops. These drops, being collected, 

 are again melted, and poured into moulds to form 

 the bars or ingots in which the metal is brought to 

 market. Eight tons of calamine and twenty-two 

 tons of coal yield about two tons of zinc. 



Uses of Zinc. The chief consumption of this 

 metal is in making brass, which is a compound of 

 copper and zinc. The ores, after undergoing the 

 process of roasting near the mines in England, are 

 chiefly smelted in the neighbourhood of Birming- 

 ham, Sheffield, and Bristol, where there are large 

 manufactories of brass. The proportions of the 

 two metals are very different in the brass made in 

 different places. The common brass of Paris con- 

 tains about 13 per cent, of zinc, that of England 

 rather more ; and a remarkably fine brass made at 

 Geneva for the nicer parts of watchmaking, contains 

 as much as 25 per cent. The brass of England is 

 far inferior to that made in many parts of the con- 

 tinent, and that used for philosophical instruments 

 is chiefly obtained from Holland. Zinc, rolled out 

 into sheets, has been used for covering houses in- 

 stead of lead, and it has of late been manufactured 

 nto vessels for culinary and other domestic pur- 

 poses. It is very unsuitable, however, for kitchen- 

 utensils, because it combines very readily with 

 acids, and such combinations act as violent emetics. 

 Zinc is used in China for coins. United with oxy- 

 gen it forms a white powder, which is used in oil- 

 painting. 



ZINGARELLI, NICOLO, a celebrated composer, 

 the last scion of the genuine Neapolitan school, 

 chapel-master at St Peter's in Rome, was born at 

 Naples, in 1752. In the seventh year of his age, 

 he lost his father, and was placed at the conserva- 

 tory in Loretto, for the purpose of studying music 

 under Fenaroli. Cimarosa and Giordanello were 

 his school-fellows here. To obtain a more com- 

 plete knowledge of the theory of the art, he also 

 studied under the abbate Speranza, and, on leaving 

 the conservatory, received the place of master of 

 the chapel at Torre dell' Annunziata. In 1781, he 

 composed for the theatre San Carlos, in Naples, his 

 opera Montezuma, and, in 1785, brought forward 

 his Alzinda, in the theatre Delia Scala in Milan, 

 with great success. In this work, he adopted a 

 more simple and easy style. His best operas are 

 Pirro; Artaserse ; Romeo e Giulietta. In 1789, he 

 brought out his Antigone, from Marmontel, in Paris ; 

 but the public events, then occurring, absorbed the 

 attention of the public, and he soon returned to 

 Italy, where, in 1806, he became director of the 

 Vatican chapel. In 1812, he was appointed chapel- 

 master in St Peter's, and soon after, director of 

 the new conservatory in Naples. Zirigarelli com- 

 posed much church music; and his works are highly 

 esteemed for their expression. 



ZINGIS.GENGIS.ORJENGHIS KHAN. See 

 Gengis Khan. 



ZINZENDORF, NICHOLAS Louis, count von, 

 the restorer of the Moravians, or founder of the 

 society of United Brethren (see Bohemian Brethren, 

 and United Brethren), was born May 26, 1700, at 

 Dresden, in Saxony, where his father was one of 

 the elector's ministers of state, and much esteemed. 

 He died early, and the son was educated by his 

 grandmother, Mad. von Gersdorf, a pious and 

 learned lady, who published a collection of hymns 

 and poetical contemplations, and corresponded in 



Latin with the learned Schurtzfleisch. At that time, 

 the opinions of the Pietists, in Germany, attracted 

 much attention. The pious Spener often visited 

 Mad. von Gersdorf. His visits, and the pious 

 meetings, held daily in the house, contributed to 

 awaken early religious feelings in young Zinzendorf, 

 which soon ran into extravagance. While a child, 

 he used to write little letters to the Saviour, and 

 throw them out of the window, hoping that the 

 Lord might find them. When ten years old, he 

 was sent to the academy of Halle, then under the 

 direction of its founder, the devout Franke. Here 

 he established pious meetings, and founded a mystic 

 order of the mustard-seed. His uncle and guardian 

 did not view his turn of mind favourably, as he 

 wished to prepare him for practical life, and sent 

 him, in 1716, to the university of Wittenberg, the 

 theological teachers of which were known under 

 the name of the Orthodox, and were the most vio- 

 lent opponents of the Pietists of Halle. The feel- 

 ings of Zinzendorf, however, remained unchanged, 

 and, in 1717, when the centennial celebration of the 

 reformation took place at Wittenberg, he shut 

 himself up in his chamber, and mourned over the 

 degeneracy of the church, with fasting and weep- 

 ing. Besides his other studies, he applied himself, 

 without assistance or guidance, to theology, and, at 

 this early period, resolved to devote himself to the 

 ecclesiastical profession. He left Wittenberg in 

 1719, and travelled through Holland and France. 

 These travels he described in a work bearing the 

 title Pilgrimage of Atticus through the World. 

 During this period, he spent his time chiefly in con- 

 versing with distinguished clergymen on religious 

 subjects. In 1721, he received an appointment in 

 the government at Dresden, but, in 1727, resigned 

 it, having, during his term of office, taken little 

 share in business, and chiefly occupied himself with 

 the study of theology and pious exercises. In 1722, 

 he married a countess of Reuss von Ebersdorf, and 

 gave some emigrant Moravian Brethren permission 

 to settle on his estate of Berthelsdorf, Upper Lu- 

 satia. This settlement received, in 1724, the name 

 of Herrnhut, which signifies " protection of the 

 Lord." The settlers were at first few, but soon 

 increased in number; and the count, in conjunction 

 with a Lutheran minister, named Rothe, the clergy- 

 man of Berthelsdorf, and some others, laboured to 

 instruct them, and to educate their children. At 

 length, he conceived the idea of founding a religious 

 community, not a sect, as the United Brethren 

 do not consider themselves a sect, and, for this 

 purpose, made known his opinions in various writ- 

 ings, sometimes contradictory to each other, which 

 excited much opposition. But the obstacles in 

 the way of his plan could not induce him to give 

 it up. In 1734, he went, under an assumed name, 

 to Stralsund, passed an examination as a-theologi- 

 cal candidate, and preached for the first time in the 

 city church. He now travelled into different 

 countries, in order to extend his society, from which 

 already missionaries proceeded ; but, as may be 

 imagined, he did not every where meet with a 

 favourable reception. In 1736, he was banished from 

 his country. The causes assigned were the inno- 

 vations, conventicles and dangerous principles that 

 he had introduced, by which the authority of the 

 government, and the established forms of religious 

 worship, were brought into disrepute. But, in 

 1747, this order was repealed. Zinzendorf, in the 

 mean -time, had been consecrated bishop of the 

 Moravian church in Berlin. As he could not 



