ZU1DERSEE-ZURICH. 



J85 



regard to its natural characters, it may be divided j 

 into two distinct parts, of which the north western 

 is composed of fertile valleys, and the south eastern 

 of a mountainous land, in which, however, none of 

 the summits rise above an elevation of 5000 feet, 

 and the descent is gentle. A considerable part of 

 the surface is occupied by lakes Zug and Egeri. The j 

 inhabitants are employed almost exclusively in the 

 breeding of cattle, and the cultivation of orchards. 

 The constitution is democratic, the supreme power 

 being exercised by popular representatives in differ- 

 ent bodies. The quota of the canton in the army 

 of the confederacy is 250 men, and the pecuniary 

 contingent 1250 Swiss francs. The chief place is 

 the town of the same name, with 2800 inhabitants, 

 on lake Zug, in a delightful situation, at the foot of 

 a mountain of the same name, surrounded by fertile 

 meadows, orchards, vineyards, and pretty country 

 houses. The lake bathes the foot of Righi on the 

 south ; behind rises mount Pilate ; and, in the dis- 

 tance, the snowy summits of the Bernese Alps are 

 seen towering up into the sky. The lake is about 

 ten miles long and from two to three wide. 



ZUIDERSEE, or ZUYDER-ZEE (i. e. South- 

 sea') ; an inland sea or gulf of the North sea, or 

 German ocean, surrounded chiefly by the Dutch 

 provinces of Holland, Overyssel, and Friesland. Its 

 ^length from north to south, is about 80 miles ; its 

 breadth varies from 15 to 30; superficial area, 1200 

 square miles. It is said to have been, in remote 

 ages, a lake, until the barrier on the north-west, 

 separating it from the German ocean, was swallowed 

 up by some inundation of the sea. This opinion 

 is confirmed by the position of the islands Texel, 

 Vlieland, &c., which, with intervening shoals and 

 sand banks, still form a kind of defence against the 

 ocean. The trade of Amsterdam is carried on along 

 the Zuyder-Zee, the entrance to which is at the 

 Texel. The communication of this sea with the 

 lake of Harlem is by the south, the inlet on the 

 banks of which Amsterdam is built. In so level a 

 country there are few rivers to flow into this sea : 

 of those that do so, the Yssel is the largest. The 

 extent of the Zuyder-Zee exposes it to great agita- 

 tion in tempestuous weather ; yet, on proceeding 

 from South Holland to Friesland, it is usual to sail 

 across the southern part of it, called the Lemmer, 

 instead of making the circuit by land. The Y is a 

 gulf of the Zuyder-Zee, which forms the connexion 

 with the lake of Harlem, and of which a part is 

 called the Pampus. 



ZUINGLIUS. See Zwingli. 



ZULLICHAU, a town in the government df 

 Frankfort, in the Prussian province of Branden- 

 burg, 112 miles from Berlin, 17 miles east of Cros- 

 -<.,i, Ion. 15 44' E. ; lat. 52 8' N., a league from 

 the Oder, has 4700 inhabitants, an academy, an or- 

 phan asylum, and a seminary for schoolmasters. 

 (See Schools.') It was formerly a thriving town, 

 having many manufactories of broadcloth, large quan- 

 tities of which were sent into Poland, Russia, and 

 even China ; but since Russia has protected the 

 Polish manufactures, Ziillichau has much declined. 

 The manufacture of silk, however, has in some 

 measure supplied the place of that of cloth. On the 

 banks of the Oder, much wine is made ; but its 

 quality is less to be commended than the industry 

 of the cultivators. The town belongs, with the 

 circle of the same name (300 square miles, with 

 30,000 inhabitants), to the duchy of Crossen, which, 

 in 1538, fell to Brandenburgh. 



ZUMBO. See Wax Figures. 



ZUMSTEEG. JOHN REDOLPHUS, a German com- 

 poser, was Dorn in 1760, m Sachsenflur, in Wiirtem- 

 berg, and educated in the ducal school near Stutt- 

 gart, enjoyed the instruction of the members of the 

 ducal chapel, and, when yet a pupil, composed 

 several operettas, cantatas and songs for the Rob- 

 bers of Schiller, whose friend he was. He was then 

 appointed violoncellist in the chapel of the duke, 

 and, in 1792, concert-master and director of the 

 opera. He died in 1802, of apoplexy. His songs and 

 glees are some of the best which the Germans pos- 

 sess. He also composed operas and a mass, &c. 



ZURICH; a canton of Switzerland, bounded 

 north by Schaffhausen, north-east and east by Thur- 

 gau, south-east by St. Gall, south by Schweitz 

 and Zug, west by Aargau, and north-west by Ba- 

 den (see Switzerland) ; square miles, 953 ; popula- 

 tion, 224,150. The general aspect is ' pleasant, 

 abounding in hills and valleys, but destitute of the 

 magnificent scenery that marks the interior and 

 south of Switzerland. The climate is mild, and 

 the soil is tolerably fertile, and well cultivated. 

 Rich pastures and extensive orchards abound, and, 

 in some parts, there are tine tracts of wooded coun- 

 try. Corn, wine, cattle, butter and cheese are 

 some of the principal products. The manufactures 

 are considerable, of cotton, silk stuffs, linen, wool- 

 len, and leather. The inhabitants are of German 

 origin, and, with the exception of two societies, are 

 Calvinists. The government, which was aristo- 

 cratico-democratic in its administration, was new- 

 modelled in 1831. The legislative power was vest- 

 ed in a great council of 212 members, 25 of whom 

 formed an executive council, and court of final 

 appeal. 



ZURICH; a city of Switzerland, capital of the 

 above canton, on the Limmat, at the north extre- 

 mity of the lake of Ziirich, in a narrow valley, 

 between hills, thirty-six miles south-west of Con- 

 stance, fifty-five north-east of Berne ; Ion. 8 32' 

 east ; lat. 47 22' north. It is pleasantly situated, 

 fortified with a wall and ditch, tolerably neat and 

 clean, though most of the houses are old-fashioned. 

 It has four Reformed churches. Its public build- 

 ings are not remarkable, but the scenery around 

 is striking, and there are beautiful promenades. 

 There are numerous private gardens ; and in no 

 place in Europe, except Haarlem, is more attention 

 paid to fine flowers. Having the advantage of 

 water communication by means of its lake and 

 river, it has long been a place of manufacture and 

 trade. Woollens, linens, cottons, leather, and silk, 

 are its chief manufactures. Few places of the size 

 of Zurich have surpassed it in the cultivation of 

 literature. For five centuries it has been a town 

 of literary distinction. It has a public library of 

 40,000 volumes, collegium hunianitatis, gymnasium 

 Carolinum, a school for the deaf and dumb, and one 

 for the blind, a society of physics, economics, and 

 natural history, a military school, a medical semi- 

 nary, and various other institutions. Natives, 

 Conrad Gesner, Solomon Gesner, John James Ges- 

 ner, J. C. Lavater, Hirzel, and Pestalozzi. Popu- 

 lation, 14,000. Ziirich has, in recent times, been 

 the theatre of some interesting political events. In 

 the war carried on by the second coalition against 

 the French republic (1799), Ziirich became an im- 

 portant point in the military operations. On tLe 

 fourth and fifth of June, the archduke Charles 

 gained some advantages over the French forces 

 here, and, on the seventh, occupied Zurich. In 

 August, it became the theatre of new conflicts; 



