186 



ZURICH ZWINGLI. 



and, on the twenty-fourth of September, Massena 

 defeated here the allied forces of Russia and Aus- 

 tria, and compelled them to evacuate Switzerland. 



ZURICH; a lake of Switzerland, extending, in 

 the form of a crescent, chiefly through the canton of 

 Zurich, but partly also between those of Schweitz 

 and St Gall It is divided into two parts by the 

 strait of Rapperswyl, a quarter of a mile over, 

 crossed by a bridge. In other places, the breadth 

 varies to nearly five miles. The length is thirty 

 miles. This lake, without rivalling that of Geneva 

 in its sublime scenery, is one of the finest in Europe, 

 being surrounded by a populous and well cultivated 

 country, and the prospects on its banks being richly 

 varied. Behind and above the vine-covered hills 

 which enclose it, loftier summits rise gradually 

 higher and higher, till the eye finally rests on the 

 glaciers of Glarus, Schweitz, and the Grisons. The 

 prospect is finest from the lake itself, where, as you 

 sail along, the scene is ever shifting and changing. 

 Upon the little island of Ufnau, was formerly seen 

 the tomb of Von Hutten, who died here in 1523. 



ZURLITE; an imperfectly described mineral, 

 found in Mount Vesuvius, with calcareous spar. It 

 occurs in rectangular prisms, or in botryoidal 

 masses, of an asparagus-green colour. It yields to 

 the knife, but emits sparkles with steel. Specific 

 gravity, 3'274 ; melts with borax into a black glass. 



ZURLO, GIUSEPPE, COUNT DE ; an Italian poli- 

 tician, born, in 1759, at Naples. In 1783, when an 

 earthquake had devastated many parts of the king- 

 dom, and men of merit were wanted to heal the 

 wounds of the provinces, Zurlo was sent into Cala- 

 bria. He was afterwards made judge, and, in 1798, 

 was invited to become minister of finance ; but he 

 declined the offer. The king, however, when he 

 fled to Sicily, left him in the administration of the 

 finances. The people, entertaining unfounded sus- 

 picions against him, seized his person, and destroyed 

 his house. After a few months, when the royal 

 government was re-established, he was made mini- 

 ster of finance. The country was inundated with 

 paper money, the credit of the government destroyed, 

 and large sums wanted to meet the public exigen- 

 cies. Zurlo re-established the finances, and refused 

 the rewards offered him for his services, saying that 

 he had always found himself honoured by his pov- 

 erty. In 1803, his ministry came to an end. He 

 refused every offer of the new government, until, 

 in 1809, Joseph made him minister of justice. He 

 did much within the few months that he remained 

 in this office ; but the government, wishing to give 

 him a more extended sphere of action, made him 

 minister of the interior. This department required 

 an entire reorganization. Zurlo took the best 

 measures for the promotion of agriculture, manu- 

 factures, public instruction, the fine arts, finances, 

 &c. He also put the hospital for the insane, at 

 Aversa, on an excellent footing. On the restora- 

 tion of the old government, he accompanied the 

 queen (madame Murat) to Trieste, where he sepa- 

 rated from her ; fell sick in Venice, and, during his 

 recovery, made a translation of Anacreon, which 

 appeared there anonymously. He then lived for 

 three years in Rome, and, in 1818, received permis- 

 sion to return to Naples, where he was made mini- 

 ster of the interior in 1820, but, in consequence of 

 the attacks of fanatics, lost the office within a few 

 months. After that time, he lived as a private 

 man, in .Naples, where he died in 1828. 



ZURZACH; a small town in the canton of 

 Aargau, in Switzerland with 800 inhabitants ; 



thirty-three miles east of Basle. Here is a church 

 dedicated to St Veronica, who is said to have 

 wrought many miracles in Zurzach, and to have 

 been buried there ; whence it became a place of 

 pilgrimage much resorted to by devout Catholics. 

 (See Veronica.') It still has two fairs which ori- 

 ginated from the former pilgrimages, and are much 

 frequented by German, Italian, and French traders. 



ZUYDERSEE. See Zuidersee. 



ZWEIBRUCKEN. See Deux-Ponts. 



ZWINGLI, OE (as it is often Latinized) ZU- 

 INGLIUS, ULRICH, the Swiss reformer, was a con- 

 temporary of Luther, and was born at Wilden- 

 hausen, in the Swiss county of Toggenburg, Jan. 

 1, 1484. Ulrich was the third of eight sons of the 

 bailiff of that place. He studied at an early ape in 

 Basle and Berne, and continued his studies in 

 Vienna, where he occupied himself with philosophy, 

 and again in Basle, where he devoted his attention 

 to theology, under the direction of Wyttenbacb. In 

 1506, Zwingli became parish priest at Glarus, and 

 here employed his time, as Luther had done in the 

 Augustine monastery at Erfurt, in the diligent 

 reading of the Holy Scriptures. He copied the 

 letters of Paul in the original Greek, and even learned 

 them by heart an acquisition which afterwards 

 proved of great service to him in his public discus- 

 sions. He accompanied the forces of Glarus during 

 the campaigns of 1512, 1513 and 1515, in Lom- 

 bardy, in the cause of the pope against the French, 

 in the capacity of chaplain, and was rewarded for 

 this service by the grant of a pension from the pope. 

 In 1516, he became preacher in the convent of 

 Einsiedeln, then a celebrated place of pilgrimage. 

 Here he showed a spirit far in advance of the age, 

 raising his voice not only against the corruptions 

 and abuses that had crept into the church, and in- 

 fected the public morals, but 'even against the pil- 

 grimages in honour of Our Lady of Einsiedeln, ai.d 

 calling upon the bishops of Sion and Constance to 

 promote a reformation of religious doctrines, in con- 

 formity with the dictates of the divine word. At 

 this time, however, his conduct was so far from ex- 

 citing suspicion, that, in 1518, the papal legate, 

 Pulci, gave him the diploma of acolyte chaplain to 

 the holy see. He was not long after, invited to 

 Zurich, and entered on his office of preacher in the 

 cathedral, Jan. 1, 1519, with a discourse in which 

 he declared himself for the use of the Scriptures in 

 their genuine form, without regard to the prescribed 

 texts and lessons. At Zurich, Zwingli delivered a 

 series of sermons on the Holy Scriptures ; and 

 these discourses, with those against error, supersti- 

 tion and vice, laid the foundation for his future 

 work of reformation. The occasion which called 

 him forth was similar to that which had aroused 

 Luther. In 1518, Bernardin Samson, a Franciscan 

 monk of Milan, appeared in Switzerland, with the 

 intention of raising money by the sale of indul- 

 gences. Zwingli, who was then preaching at 

 Einsiedeln, opposed him there, and afterwards 

 in Zurich, with all the power of his eloquence, 

 and brought the indulgences into so much odium 

 that Samson was not even permitted to enter Zu- 

 rich; and the bishop of Constance, to whom the 

 vile arts of the monk were offensive, supported 

 Zwingli in this measure. From this time, Zwingli 

 gradually went further in his plans, with the appro- 

 bation not only of the Zurichers, but of the great 

 body of the Swiss in general. In Zurich, his re- 

 forms were so far promoted by the government, 

 . that, in 1520, a decree was issued, ordering 'that 



