Z WING LI. 



187 



the Holy Scriptures should be taught without hu- 

 man additions. In 1522, the reformation was ex- 

 tended to external ceremonies. In that year, 

 Zwingli wrote his first work against the fasts of the 

 church, and began the study of Hebrew. The 

 offers of promotion which he received from pope 

 Adrian VI. had not power to make him waver. In 

 1523, the government of Ziirich invited all theolo- 

 gians to a public conference in Ziirich, to convict, 

 if possible, Zwingli of an error in doctrine. About 

 six hundred persons, clergy and laymen, were pre- 

 sent at this disputation. Zwingli exhibited his 

 opinions in the form of sixty-seven propositions, 

 which were to form the subject of discussion; but the 

 objections of the celebrated John Faber, afterwards 

 bishop of Vienna, appeared so unsatisfactory to the 

 magistracy of Ziirich, that they adhered still more 

 zealously to the preachings of Zwingli. The second 

 dispute, in which Zwingli urged his objections to 

 images and the mass with such force that the for- 

 mer were soon after removed from the churches, 

 and the latter abolished, was held, in the same year, 

 in the presence of nine hundred persons. In 1524, 

 Zwingli married Anna Reinhard, a widow, and, the 

 next year, published his Commentary on true and 

 false Religion. The reformation in his native land 

 was now fixed upon a firm base ; and he continued 

 the work with undiminished zeal, warmly supported 

 by the public authority, which suppressed the men- 

 dicant orders, required all questions of marriage to 

 be settled by the civil tribunals, and established a 

 better administration of the church revenues. In 

 general, Zwingli agreed in his opinions with the 

 German reformers : like them he assumed the 

 Bible as the only rule of faith, rejected all human 

 additions, attacked the ambition and rapacity of the 

 clergy, as well as the superstitions they had coun- 

 tenanced, and aimed to restore the church to the 

 simplicity of primitive times. His views were 



on some points peculiar, particularly in regard to 

 the real presence, and on some less important 

 matters relative to the liturgy. In order to re- 

 move this wall of partition from between the two 

 parties which adopted the new doctrines, a meet- 

 ing between the Saxon and Swiss reformers was 

 held at Marburg (Oct. 13, 1529), at the sugges- 

 tion of Philip the Magnanimous, landgrave of Hesse. 

 The former were represented by Luther and Me- 

 lanchthon, the latter by Zwingli and (Ecolampadius. 

 The conference was conducted with moderation, 

 and the otherwise violent Luther treated Zwingli 

 with a brotherly kindness. Although a complete 

 union was not effected, yet a convention was agreed 

 upon, the thirteen first articles of which, containing 

 the most important matters of religious faith, were 

 recognised by both parties; and the fourteenth 

 declared that, though they could not agree as to the 

 real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, they would 

 conduct towards each in the spirit of Christian 

 charity. In 1531, an open war broke out between 

 Ziirich on the one side, and the Catholic cantons of 

 Lucerne, Schweitz, Uri, Undervvalden and Zug on 

 the other; and Zwingli was commanded to take 

 the field, bearing the banner of the canton, which 

 it had been usual for an ecclesiastic to support. A 

 battle ensued on the 5th October, and Zwingli called 

 upon his countrymen "to trust in God." But the 

 enemy were more than twice as strong as the 

 Zurichers, and under better officers : the latter were 

 therefore defeated, and Zwingli was among the 

 slain. The reformed church afterwards received 

 from the hands of Calvin its present organization. 

 See Hess, Vie de Zwingli (Paris, 18-0), and Ro- 

 termund, Life of Zwingli (in German, Bremen 

 1818) An edition of his works appeared at Zii- 

 rich in 1819 seq., 4 vols. ; and a more complete 

 one has been published at the same place more re- 

 cently (1828 seq.). 



