228 



AN ATOMY ANEURISM. 



the Pubea, and which comprehend* below tin- Penis 

 iui'1 Scnitiini. tin' r-riiieum and Ami-, in tin- Male, aud 

 the Vulva. IVr-neum. :unl Ann* in tin- Female. 



R Tlu> Si. I.-, ri-lit iin.l U-it.ot '\vliii-h the In \\ -r part , is called 

 llu- I'lank. 



S The B:ick, tin- s|.:u-.' f, on i-a.-h side of it below, being called 

 the Loin or Lumbar Kc.-ion. 



Regions of the Extre initiet Of the Upper Ex- 



tretit . 



T The Shoulder. 



I' Tli- Ann. 



V Tin- For- ;irm. in it* mint prominent point g, above and 



|H-!U I il>ow. 



\V Tli- \\n-t. 

 X The Hand, on which tin- prominence h. in the palm, tg 



palled the Ball of the Thiimt., und i tin- Boll of Uie little 



Hii. 



Regions of the Lower Extremities. 



V The Haunch. 



Z The Hip or Buttock. 



A Thf I hiifh, which is serrated from the H y pogastrium and 



Pubes hy the hollow kk, called the Ur.iin. 

 I! Tli- Knee. 

 C Tin- Ham. 

 D The l#r 

 The Ankle, in which the prominence i is the External and 



in th- Internal .Mulleolus. 

 F The 1 .1.1!. in which the prominence n in the Sole is called 



the Bull of the Heel, and o the Ball of the Great Toe, 



By the aid of these views of the external regions 

 of. the human body, any intelligent patient or his 

 friends will have no difficulty in describing to a 

 physician or surgeon at a distance the seat of pain 

 or disease. This we consider to be a matter of 

 the first importance, and we have therefore en- 

 deavoured to render the subject still more clear by 

 the preceding figures. 



Let one example suffice : say that a patient 

 laboured under some harassing pain in a given part 

 of the head, chest, or abdomen, and was not able 

 to explain or exhibit the locality ; suppose it was 

 in the region of the head, let him inform the phy- 

 sician whether it lay in the divisions A, B, or C, 

 or any other division, and then the medical adviser 

 would have little or no difficulty in ascertaining 

 the seat of the pain or disease. 



The general reader who wishes to prosecute this 

 interesting science, will find much useful informa- 

 tion in the short anatomical systems of Paxton, 

 Quain, Cloquet, and Craigie ; the latter is a truly 

 valuable, yet cheap publication, forming a neat 

 quarto volume, with exquisite engravings. Those 

 who wish to dip deeper into the subject, will con- 

 sult the works of the Bells and Bransby Cooper, 

 with Todd's truly excellent Cyclopedia of Anatomy 

 and Physiology, &c. 



The Bridge'water Treatises, by Sir Charles Bell 

 and Dr Roget, &c. with Lord Brougham's and Sir 

 Charles Bell's edition of Paley's Natural Theology, 

 will likewise amply repay an attentive perusal, and 

 induce the student to exclaim, in the language of 

 an inspired poet and king, " Verily I am fearfully 

 and wonderfully made." 



ANEURISM (a,) has been defined a preter- 

 natural tumour, formed by the dilatation of an 

 artery, of which there are three species, viz. the 

 true aneurism, of which there are two species ; 

 second, the false or spurious aneurism; and third, 

 the varicose aneurism. True aneurism is a circu- 

 lar or uniform dilatation of the three coats of an 

 artery, and is commonly met with in the aorta, 

 accompanied with thickening of the serous muscu- 

 lar coats, and depositions of calcareous matter on 

 the exterior surface of the serous. 



The symptoms of circumscribed true aneurism 

 generally occur as follows : an extraordinary throb- 

 bing in some particular situations is felt by the 



patient, and, on examination, he discovers there is 

 a pulsating tumour, which entirely disappears when 

 Compressed, but returns again as soon is the pn-s- 

 ure is removed. It is commonly unattended with 

 jain or change in the colour of the skin. Whm 

 once the tumour has originated, it continually 

 grows larger, and at length attains a very considerable 

 size. The danger of an aneurism arrives when it 

 s on the point of bursting, by which occurr. 

 the patient usually bleeds to death, and in some 

 cases, in the course of less than one minute. The 

 fatal result may generally be foreseen, as the part 

 about to give way becomes particularly tt-iisc, 

 elevated, thin, soft, and of a dark purple colour. 



The false or spurious aneurism, is always owing 

 to an aperture in the artery, from which the blood 

 gushes into the cellular substance. Tlii> is parti- 

 cularly apt to occur at the bend of the arm, where 

 the artery is exposed to be injured in attempting to 

 bleed. When the artery has been wounded by an 

 ignorant and careless operator in blood-letting, it 

 is immediately known, as soon as the lancet has 

 punctured the artery, by the blood spouting with 

 an unusual force, with occasional interruptions, and 

 of a bright scarlet colour, not so dark as the blood 

 from the vein. The blood, however, flows out in 

 an even and less rapid stream when pressure is ap- 

 plied higher up than the wound. These are, then, 

 the most characteristic marks of the artery being 

 punctured, for blood will often be found to flow 

 from a vein with great rapidity, and that too in a 

 broken current, when the vein is very turgid, and 

 situated immediately over the artery, which, by its 

 pulsating, imparts its motion to it. The operator 

 in endeavouring precipitately to stop the bleeding 

 by pressure, often occasions a diffused false aneu- 

 rism. The shutting up the external wound by a 

 bandage, and keeping it together till it unites, pre- 

 vents the blood from escaping externally; but as 

 the wound in the artery is not healed, the blood 

 escapes, and insinuates itself into the celluiar sub- 

 stance ; or, as they would say in some parts of 

 Scotland and Ireland, between the fell and the 

 flesh. This produces an uneven and often knotty 

 swelling, which extends upwards and downwards 

 along the course of the artery. The skin soon as- 

 sumes a purple colour, and the swelling increases 

 as long as the internal bleeding continues ; and if 

 this discharge of blood is not soon stopped, morti- 

 fication of the arm ensues, and sometimes death 

 closes the scene. 



The varicose aneurism was first discovered or 

 described by our learned countryman, Dr William 

 Hunter, who bequeathed his beautiful anatomical 

 museum, &c. to Glasgow university. It is occa- 

 sioned by puncturing an artery which lies below a 

 vein in the operation of blood-letting, and most 

 frequently happens in the brachial artery, or artery 

 of the arm. The arterial blood, in this case, runs 

 into the opening made in the vein, and produces a 

 varicose aneurism ; or, in other words, the vein 

 becomes varicose, or enlarges, becomes a serpen- 

 tine tumour, and often forms a plexus of knots. 

 The vein, in this case, now pulsates like an artery, 

 and communicates a tremulous motion to the touch, 

 and rustling noise to the ear, somewhat resembling 

 the hissing noise of air ejected from a syringe, and 

 occasionally so loud during the night as to prevent 

 the patient sleeping. The pulsation is only, how- 

 ever, distinct in the centre of the tumour, and the 

 contiguous veins are more or less varicose, or, in 

 other words, irregularly enlarged. Aneurisms may 



