232 



APPLEBY ARTESIAN WELLS. 



bowels. This, too, may be given in twice the 

 quantity when the child is costive. Anise seeds 

 are said even to increase the milk of nurses; and 

 "they do indeed," says Dr Cullen, "come off un- 

 changed in it; and sometimes, by condiments of 

 this kind given to the nurses, I have seen them so 

 fur conveyed to children who laboured under colics, 

 as to obviate entirely these complaints." Indeed 

 it is a fact which does not now require any proof, 

 that the milk may be impregnated with medi- 

 cinal qualities by medicines administered to the 

 nurse. There can indeed be no harm in the nurse 

 sprinkling her bread and butter with equal parts 

 of sugar and powdered anise seeds occasionally, 

 as in this way they form a pleasant carminative, 

 especially to those troubled with flatulency, and 

 doubtless tend to stimulate the secretory vessels, 

 and impart a carminative property to the milk. 

 The best stimulus which a nurse can in general 

 employ, is moderate exercise, and a plain nourish- 

 ing diet, with a contented mind, avoiding spirituous 

 and vinous liquors. 



Anise seeds have long been employed in the 

 same form as tobacco, by smoking, in various affec- 

 tions of the chest, as chronic catarrh, cough, asthma, 

 and wheezing. They are frequently ordered in 

 conjunction with stramonium, and in other cases, 

 with colts' foot leaves or flowers, and also singly 

 with great benefit, especially to the aged and those 

 not previously habituated to the use of tobacco. 

 They tend to promote expectoration, and relieve 

 the bronchial tubes of mucus, and they have the" 

 advantage of being both a safe and a cheap medi- 

 cine. 



Those, however, labouring under affections of 

 the chest, are not to suppose that the quack nos- 

 trums so industriously advertised as balsams and 

 elixirs of anise seeds, and other pectoral drugs, are 

 really what they pretend to be, for they are only 

 disguised tinctures of opium, more or less resembl- 

 ing the old paragoric elixir of the pharmacopeias ; 

 and whatever temporary relief they may afford, 

 seldom fail in aggravating the disease. 



In procuring anise seeds, it is well before powder- 

 ing them to examine if they are free of gravel, 

 small stones, and other impurities. The essential 

 oil is frequently reduced ; but if of ordinary strength, 

 it will congeal even in summer in a cool shady 

 place. There is an old and excellent formula, 

 called Compound Anise Seed Water, which is pre- 

 pared as follows : 



Anise Seed, 



Angelica Seeds, each eight oumv-. 



Proof Spirit, 



Water, each one gallon. 



Draw off, by distillation, one gallon. 



This is a very elegant cordial, especially when 

 mixed with one pint of simple syrup to a quart of 

 the spirit. The angelica seeds greatly improve the 

 flavour of the anise ; but the liquor is apt to turn j 

 out milky unless very carefully distilled or rectified. | 

 APPLEBY ; a town in the county of Westmore- ' 

 land, situated near the river Eden, on the great 

 north road, 226 miles distant from London. It 

 was anciently a place of much greater magnitude 

 than at present, for old foundations have been dis- 

 covered at the distance of two miles, to which the 

 town and its suburbs extended; and a township, 

 at the distance of about a mile, is still called the 

 Burrals, (Borough Walls.) The town now con- ' 

 sists of one broad street, intersected at right angles 

 by three smaller, situated on the elope of a hill, 



and terminated at one end by the castle, and at the 

 other by the church of St Lawrence. The suburb 

 of Bongate stands on the other side of the river, 

 and is connected with the town by an ancient stone 

 bridge of two arches. The town is well-lighted, 

 and the supply of water is good. It is irregularly 

 built, but many of the houses are respectable. 

 The town-hall is a large ancient building in the 

 principal street. The ancient cloisters, or mar- 

 ket-houses, were pulled down in 1811, and a hand- 

 some Gothic edifice, after a design by Sinirke, 

 erected in their stead. The shire-hall, erected in 

 1771, adjoins the gaol, which has been lately alter- 

 ed, in conformity with the provisions of the recent 

 gaol act. The castle stands on a steep and richly 

 wooded eminence, rising from the river. It is 

 chiefly of early Norman, if not of Saxon origin, 

 and is built on the site of a Roman fortress, of 

 which only a small portion, called Caesar's tower, 

 now remains. It suffered much in the wars with 

 Scotland, particularly in the reigns of Richard 11. 

 and Henry IV. The greater part of it was rebuilt 

 by Lord Clifford, in the reign of Henry VI. The 

 earl of Thanet is now proprietor of this castle, 

 and it is occupied by his steward. From time im- 

 memorial, the judges travelling the northern cir- 

 cuit have resided here, and been entertained at the 

 expense of the proprietor. Population of the town 

 in 1841, 2519. 



ARTESIAN WELLS ; the term bestowed on 

 springs of water, formed by perforating the earth 

 with boring-rods, until a subterranean body of water 

 be reached, whose sources are higher than the spot 

 where the operation takes.place. The effort which 

 water makes to reach its own level causes it to 

 ascend above the surface, and thus a supply of this 

 necessary element is often obtained in districts 

 otherwise destitute. The term is derived from 

 Artois, a province of France, where water is chiefly 

 obtained by boring. 



The question as to whence Artesian wells derive 

 their supplies is one of the most interesting con- 

 nected with the subject. The vapours of the at- 

 mosphere form one of their sources. A few hours 

 after heavy rains, the miners of Cornwall observe a 

 considerable augmentation in the water contained 

 in some of their deepest pits. The fountain of 

 Ntunes, in France, throws out, when lowest, about 

 280 gallons per minute ; but if heavy rain falls in 

 the north-west, although at a distance of seven or 

 eight miles, its volume is increased to upwards of 

 2000 gallons. The temperature, however, is 

 scarcely changed by this great additional quantity ; 

 thus proving that it passes with great rapidity by 

 channels situated very deeply below the surface. 



The fountain of Vaucluse, likewise in the south 

 of France, if it received all the rain which fell 

 during the whole year, on an extent of thirty 

 square leagues, would not obtain a supply adequate 

 to the yearly issue which it pours forth. When it 

 rises from its subterranean bed, it in reality forms a 

 river ; and the volume of its waters when at its 

 lowest is estimated at 480 square yards per minute, 

 which at times is swelled to 1494 square yards. 

 Its mean volume is 962 square yards. This foun- 

 tain, it is clear, must obtain its waters from some 

 more abundant source than the percolation of rain- 

 water through the pores and fissures of the earth. 

 Its reservoirs, also, must be capable of containing a 

 great mass of fluid, and the channels by which it 

 flows must be large enough to contain a subterru- 

 nean river. 



