BOTTIGER BREAD. 



323 



the other, and the very strictures with which it 

 has been assailed by men of all colours, have served 

 to prove that he hit the truth oftener than was 

 agreeable to' the parties interested. He published 

 his work at Paris, comparatively safe from the 

 vexatious censure of the local authorities of his own 

 country, but still exposed to the vindictiveness of 

 individual rancour, of wounded self-love, of dupli- 

 city unmasked. The work is entitled, Storia d" 

 Italia dul 1789 al 1814. Paris, 1824, 4 vols. 4to. 



Mr Botta divided his history into twenty-seven 

 books or chapters, twenty of which relate to the 

 Italian wars from 1792 to the peace of Luneville 

 in 1801, and the seven last continue the history of 

 Italy under Bonaparte's rule, from his appointment 

 to the presidency of the Italian Republic, up to his 

 abdication of power in 1814, and the consequent 

 restoration of the old dynasties. During this se- 

 cond period, Italy becomes in some measure a pro- 

 vince of France ; the historian has no longer to 

 record decisive events; the scene of war was re- 

 moved far from the Alps ; the Italians, silent and 

 submissive, continued to supply men and money to 

 assist in propelling the car of the victor, but their 

 history was in a great measure the history of "the 

 great empire," and this accounts for the compara- 

 tive brevity of this part of Botta's task. Yet this 

 epoch is far from being destitute of interest; the 

 arts by which the Italian republic was metamor- 

 phosed into a kingdom, with the apparent appro- 

 bation of many grave, learned, and influential men, 

 who had a few years before denounced eternal hos- 

 tility to kings, the annexation of Piedmont of 

 the ancient republic of Genoa, the ally of France, 

 of Tuscany, of Parma, at last of Rome, to the 

 French empire ; the wars of Naples, Calabria, and 

 Sicily, the exile of all the old sovereign dynasties, 

 the long contests between Napoleon and the See 

 of Rome, upon matters religious and political, which 

 ended in the imprisonment of Pope Pius VII., and 

 lastly, the war of the restoration in Italy, in which 

 Austrian and English, French and Italian troops 

 took a part ; all these, and many minor topics of 

 interior policy, give to this second part of Botta's 

 narrative an interest not the less intense, because 

 it attaches itself to details more particularly Italian, 

 and less generally known. Mr Botta's death took 

 place at Paris, in August, 1837. 



BOTTIGER, KARL AUGUST, Aulic councillor 

 to the king of Saxony, director of studies at the 

 Ritter Akademie at Dresden, and keeper of the 

 royal museums of antique marbles and of Meng's 

 cast, one of the most eminent archaeologists of the 

 age, was born in 1760, at Reichenbach, in Saxon 

 Voigtland, studied at Leipzig, and was appointed 

 in 1784, master of the public school at Guben. He 

 was afterwards, for a short time, director of the 

 gymnasium at Bautzen, whence he removed to 

 Weimar, where, through Herder's recommenda- 

 tion, he became in 1791, director of the gymnasium 

 of that town, and consistorial councillor. In 1804, 

 he preferred the offer of a situation made to him 

 by his own sovereign to an appointment at Berlin, 

 and from this period till his death he constantly 

 resided at Dresden, actively engaged in literary 

 pursuits, and in the performance of his official 

 duties. He died on the 17th Nov. 1835. Among 

 his publications may be pointed out particularly 



1. Sabina, or the Toilette of a Roman Lady of 

 Fashion, of which two editions were published ; 



2. Ideen zur Kunstmythologie; 3. Notes on select 

 Odes of Horace, (which are most erudite and fully 



deserve to be translated) ; 4. Ideen zur Geschichte 

 der Mahlerey. But excellent as all these are, 

 they are equalled in interest and value by the 

 great number of his smaller papers and his letters. 

 Bottiger left two sons ; one of whom is professor 

 of History at Erlangen, (author of the History of 

 Henrich der Lowe, History of Saxony, History of 

 Germany, &c., all much esteemed publication?,) 

 and the other has a place under the Saxon govern- 

 ment. Bottiger of late years instructed the learned 

 prince John of Saxony in Greek. His company was 

 much courted by persons of distinction, on account 

 of his brilliant conversational talents. There was no 

 end to his poignant and sprightly remarks and anec- 

 dotes, particularly as he was fond of good cheer, 

 which a sound constitution permitted him to enjoy 

 without fear. Not the least remarkable circum- 

 stance in the character of this great scholar was 

 his indefatigable application. At five in the morn- 

 ing lie was at his desk, and while at college he 

 usually rose at three or four, so that his eye-sight 

 became much impaired. Some ten or fifteen years 

 before his death, he was successfully couched for 

 the cataract, and had in consequence of this opera- 

 tion, the use of his eyes, assisted by good glasses, up 

 to his death. Many of his pupils are now men of 

 eminence, and some in high stations. 



BOTTLES, (a.) The duty on stone bottles 

 has been repealed. It was imposed in 1812 at 2s. 

 6d. a cwt., which was increased in 1817 to 5s. It 

 produced only the insignificant sum of about 

 3,500 a year, which was collected by the excise 

 at great trouble and expense. The duty on glass 

 bottles still continues, and produces about 1 10,000 

 a year. Some regulation regarding the size of bot- 

 tles is much wanted, as many liquors are sold by 

 bottle measure, and yet very considerable differ- 

 ences exist as to the quantities they respectively 

 hold. 



BRADFORD ; a thriving manufacturing town 

 in the west riding of the county of York, distant 

 from London, 196 miles, N.N.W., and from York, 

 thirty-four, S. W. It has risen into importance only 

 in modern times. It owes much to its situation in 

 the very centre of the manufacturing districts, and 

 to the abundance of coal in the vicinity. Iron- 

 stone is also plentiful, and there are some very ex- 

 tensive foundries, especially about three miles to the 

 S.E. of the town. The staple commodities of the 

 town are worsted stuffs, broad cloths, cotton goods, 

 and worsted yarn ; ivory and horn combs are also 

 made in great quantity. The commercial opera- 

 tions have been greatly facilitated by the cutting 

 of a branch from the Leeds and Liverpool canal, 

 near Shipley, into the very centre of the town. 

 The cotton-manufactures are of recent introduc- 

 tion, but are making rapid progress. Bradford lias 

 indeed suffered less from the depression of trade 

 than most other large manufacturing towns. The 

 rapidity with which its population has increased, is 

 one good evidence of its prosperity. In 1801, it 

 was only 6,393; in 1821, it amounted to 13,064; 

 and in 1841, <5C/)08. 



The parish of Bradford is fifteen miles in length, 

 and at an average four miles in breadth. It coin- 

 prises the market-town of the same name, the chu- 

 pelries of Hawarth, Horton, and Thornton, and the 

 townships of Allerton, North Bierley, Bowling, 

 Clayton, Eccleshill, Heaton, Manningham, Shipley, 

 and Wilsden. Population of the parish in 1831, 

 76,996; in 1841, 105,257. 



BREAD, (a.) Among the recent triumphs of 

 x2 



