CROWLAND CULLUM. 



427 



ous affections of horses, dogs, and sheep, it has 

 been successfully applied in the form of ointment; 

 and it is by far the most effectual cure yet discov- 

 ered for the toothache arising from caries. When 

 carefully applied, in substance, to the hollow, tak- 

 ing care not to swallow it, it rarely fails in giving 

 instantaneous relief. It is the active ingredient in 

 several recent nostrums, as is proved by the smell. 

 3. It has been used in the construction of hollow 

 lenses for telescopes by professor Marx of Bruns- 

 wick, from its high dispersive power. On the 

 whole, no substance has been lately produced, 

 which seems likely to be available for so many use- 

 ful purposes. Dr Cormack has published a small 

 volume on creosote, which may be consulted for 

 details. 



CROWLAND. See Croyiand. 



CROYDON, a market-town in the county of 

 Surrey, nine and a half miles south from London. 

 It enjoys a considerable trade, particularly in corn. 

 The manor of Croydon appears to have been at- 

 tached to the archbishopric of Canterbury at a very 

 early period. The palace, or manor-house, was 

 long the occasional abode of the archbishops, par- 

 ticularly during the reign of queen Elizabeth, who 

 seems to have delighted to visit this place. The 

 queen held a council here on the 30th of April, 

 1567; during which year she twice visited arch- 

 bishop Parker, who then held the see, and was 

 eminently distinguished for his virtues and his 

 learning. In July, 1573, the queen and her whole 

 court remained here seven days; passing the time 

 with "jousts " and rejoicings. After the accession 

 of archbishop Whitgift to the see, he was frequently 

 honoured with visits from his sovereign, the last of 

 which that we can find recorded was in 1600. 

 When James I., king of Scotland, was a prisoner 

 in England, he was placed at this palace, under the 

 custody of archbishop Arundel. Having fallen 

 into decay, the palace was, in 1780, sold for 2520, 

 and fitted up as a calico-printing establishment, 

 while Addingtoii Park, about three miles distant, 

 was purchased for 25,000, as a more suitable resi- 

 dence for the archbishop. 



The parish of Croydon is one of the most ex- 

 tensive in the kingdom, being thirty-six miles in 

 circumference, and comprising within its limits 

 more than 10,000 acres and eight hamlets. Popu- 

 lation in 1841, 16,712. 



CROYLAND, oa CROWLAND; an ancient 

 town in Lincolnshire, fifty-one miles S. S. E. from 

 Lincoln, situated on the rivers Welland and Nene, 

 and a large drain called Cat water, over which there 

 is a singular old bridge. This is supposed to have 

 been built about the year 860; it consists of three 

 semi-pointed arches, meeting together in the centre, 

 the abutments standing on the angles of an equila- 

 teral triangle. It is placed at the junction of three 

 roads, which thus terminate at the crown of the 

 bridge. The steep ascents are made into steps, 

 paved with small stories set edgewise ; at the foot 

 of one segment there is the ruined statae of some 

 Saxon monarch, by some supposed to be Ethel- 

 bert. 



In olden times there was nothing but impassable 

 marshes around the town. These have now been 

 drained and converted into luxuriant meadows and 

 corn fields. In this process wind-mills have been 

 successfully employed, some of them lifting forty 

 tons of water per minute. Farming and grazing 

 occupy the greater part of the inhabitants. They 

 have also an extensive tnide in poultry and espe- 



cially in wild-ducks, which are taken in nets to the 

 number ot thousands at a time. For the privilege 

 of fowling and fishing in these ponds, the abbot of 

 Crowland claimed 300 per annum from the inha- 

 bitants, which is still exacted by the crown. The 

 market has long ago been transferred to Tborney 

 in the county of Cambridge ; but the fair com- 

 mencing on the festival of St Bartholomew is 

 held annually and continues for twelve days. Po- 

 pulation of Croyiand in 1841, 2973. 



The abbey of Croyiand, the ruins of which still re- 

 main, was founded by Ethelbald, king of Mercia, 

 about the year 817, in honour of one of his nobles, 

 who, from his religious devotion, was called StGuth- 

 lac. Ethelbald contributed 300 in silver to its 

 erection and granted it a 100 a year, for ten years, 

 besides the permission to its residents of constructing 

 a town in its neighbourhood for their use. For se- 

 veral succeeding reigns it enjoyed the favour of the 

 ruling monarch, particularly of Egbert and With- 

 laff. And thus did it continue to prosper, till the 

 arrival of the ruthless Danes, who, on visiting the 

 county of Lincoln, attacked this famous abbey, de- 

 stroyed it, and barbarously murdered its inmates. 

 This happened about a hundred and fifty years after 

 its foundation, and it remained thus in ruins and 

 despoiled, till the reign of king Edred, in 948, 

 when that monarch rebuilt it; however, in 1091, 

 it was again destroyed by fire, and in 1112 it was 

 again rebuilt ; and, further, scarcely thirty years 

 had elapsed, before it met with a similar fate, and 

 was burnt to the ground ; but in 1170 it rose from 

 its ashes, and met with no particular violence or 

 injury for nearly 400 years, when Croyiand Abbey, 

 with the monastic institutions in general, fell a sa- 

 crifice to the avarice and the vengeance of Henry 

 VIII. 



CULLUM, SIR JOHN, sixth baronet, the his- 

 torian of Hawsted in Suffolk, was born on the 

 20th June, 1733. Having commenced his studies 

 in the grammar school of St Edmundsbury, he en- 

 tered the university of Cambridge, where he took 

 the degrees of bachelor and master of arts, and 

 obtained the bachelor's prize for the best disserta- 

 tion in Latin prose. He was admitted a fellow of 

 Catherine hall on the 7th Dec. 1759 ; was insti- 

 tuted in 1762 to the rectory of Hawsted, on the 

 presentation of his father, and in Dec. 1774 to the 

 living of Great Thurlow, on the presentation of his 

 brother-in-law, Henry Vernon, Esq. He was a 

 fellow of the royal society and of the society of 

 antiquaries. He died on the 9th Oct. 1785, in the 

 fifty-second year of his age. 



The history of Hawstead was published origi- 

 nally in the Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica ; 

 and a second edition, in a separate form, made its 

 appearance in 1813, with corrections by the author, 

 and notes by his brother, Sir Thomas Gery Cul- 

 lum. In a postscript by John Nichols, F.S.A. to 

 the advertisement prefixed to this second edition, 

 is a brief memoir of the deceased, with an account 

 of his chief literary communications. 



Sir Thomas Gery Cultum, his successor, partook 

 of the literary character of his brother, and was a 

 Fellow of the royal and Linnaean societies, and of 

 the society of antiquaries. Natural history was 

 the chief object of his studies, and botany his fa- 

 vourite pursuit, in which he found an ardent asso- 

 ciate in his friend the late president of the Lin- 

 naean society, Sir James Edward Smith, who dedi- 

 cated to him his " English Flora." Sir Thomas 

 Cuu'um was born 30th Nov. 1741, and wns entered 



