DENMARK DEVIL'S BRIDGE. 



439 



but traces of the existence of the Forest of Dean 

 miners are found in the records of our early history. 

 They were summoned to attend the royal armies in 

 the reigns of Edward I. and II., and a tradition still 

 exists in the forest that the exclusive privileges 

 were given them in consequence of their services 

 at one of the early sieges of the town of Berwick- 

 upon-Tweed. 



DENMARK; (a.) The last census of the king- 

 dom of Denmark was taken in 1834, and that of 

 the dukedoms (Sleswic and Holstein) in 1835; and 

 as the census was ordered to be made up every 

 fifth year, it would in this way never have been 

 simultaneous for the different parts of the realm. 

 But in order to avoid this mischief, it has recently 

 been ordered that the next census of the kingdom 

 shall not be undertaken before 1840, and that it 

 shall include all the possessions of the crown of 

 Denmark. 



The result of the last census in the kingdom 

 showed that the population was 1,223.797 inhabi- 

 tants, viz., 605,278 males and 618,519 females, 

 having increased since the beginning of this century 

 32-3 per cent. The proportion of males to females 

 was as 1000, to 1022, the same as it was thirty 

 years ago at the census of 1801. But this propor- 

 tion is much greater in other northern countries ; 

 and it is an interesting fact, that in the extreme 

 northern countries the relative number of women 

 seems generally to be very much greater than in 

 countries of the temperate zone. Such is the fact 

 in Iceland, where the proportion of females to 

 males is almost as 1100 to 1000. In Sweden the 

 number of females at the census of 1830, com- 

 pared with that of males, was as 1076 to 1000. 

 Among 1000 men and women existing in 1834 there 

 were alive, 



From 50 to 60 years 79'65 



6070 52-10 



7080 24-26 



8090 6-13 



90 100 033 

 Above 100 0-008 



Tears >18 

 From 10 to 20 210-51 



2030 162-75 

 _ 30 40 133-92 



4050 98-17 



Among 1000 men there were 337 married, 632 

 unmarried, and 31 widowers. Among 1000 women 

 there were 327 married, 587 unmarried, and 86 

 widows. Among 1000 men and women, 205, or 

 one-fifth, lived in towns, and 795, or four-fifths, 

 lived in the country. 



In the dukedoms of Sleswic and Holstein the popu- 

 lation was 773,788, viz., 385,635 males, and 388,153 

 females. The increase since 1803 was 28-5 per 

 cent., the interval being 32 years. The propor- 

 tion between males and females was as 1000 to 

 1007. Among 1000 individuals existing in the 

 duchies in 1835 there were alive: 



From 50 to 60 years 75-17 



6070 49-60 



7080 21-15 



80 90 4-53 



90 100 0-29 

 Above 100 0-007 



From 10 to 20 210-30 



2030 157-03 

 _ 30 40 136-74 



4050 101-45 



Among 1000 men there were 330 married, 632 

 unmarried, and 38 widowers. Among 1000 women 

 there were 352 married, 558 unmarried, and 90 

 widows. Among 1000 men and women, 174, or 

 rather more than one-sixth, lived in towns, and 

 826, or five-sixths, lived in the country. 



In the kingdom the proportion which the deaths 

 bore to the population in the whole period, from 

 1801 to 1834, was as 1 to 41 ; but this proportion 

 was much more favourable from the peace (1814) 



until 1829, being during that period as 1 to 47. 

 In the years 1829 and 1831, the mortality was ex- 

 tremely great. Though Denmark was exempted 

 from the infection of the cholera during those two 

 years, the mortality was as great as in the countries 

 where that plague raged, a part of the kingdom 

 having been scourged by an ague, which seemed 

 very contagious. The number of deaths in those 

 two years amounted to 74,361, averaging in each 

 37,181, while upon an average of the seven pre- 

 ceding years it only amounted to 24,575, the in- 

 crease being equal to more than one-half. Out of 

 1000 deaths there were, 



From birth to the age of 10 years 



20 years 



30 



40 



BO 



60 



70 



90 

 100 



Above 100 . 

 Unknown . . 



DESIGN, SCHOOL OF. A grant was made in 

 the parliamentary session of 1836, for the purpose 

 of affording instruction to those engaged in the pre- 

 paration of designs for the various branches of the 

 manufactures of this country. To carry out this 

 important object, a " School of Design " was esta- 

 blished, under the sanction of government, at 

 Somerset house, in the rooms lately occupied by 

 the royal academy, and which was opened on the 

 1st of June, 1837. The instruction given in this 

 school includes light and shade, colour, modelling, 

 perspective, &c. An opportunity is thus afforded 

 to young persons having a taste for the fine arts, of 

 acquiring a knowledge of the principles and modes 

 of changing and adapting forms of ornament, 

 aided by light, shade, and colour, so as to produce 

 new and elegant combinations ; and of acquiring 

 also a knowledge of the chemistry of colours, on 

 which the laws of harmonious colouring are based. 

 Should the experiment of this " School of Design" 

 be a successful one, we may anticipate that a class 

 of practical artists, far higher in education and 

 taste than our present artisans, will be employed in 

 our arts and manufactures, producing a most bene- 

 ficial action on the social taste and feeling of the 

 entire community. 



DEVIL'S BRIDGE, situated in Cardiganshire, 

 in South Wales, between Hafod and Aberystwith, 

 not far from the bottom of the Plinlimmon. It is 

 a single arch, of between twenty and thirty feet 

 span, thrown over another arch, which crosses a 

 tremendous chasm. According to tradition, the 

 lower arch was constructed by the monks of the 

 neighbouring abbey, called Strata Florida abbey, 

 about the year 1087, but this is not correct, as the 

 abbey itself was not founded till 1164. The coun- 

 try people, in superstitious days, deeming it a work 

 of supernatural ability, gave it the strange name by 

 which it is now generally known. Giraldus men- 

 tions having passed over it in ! 188, when travel- 

 ling through Wales with Baldwin, archbishop of 

 Canterbury, to preach in favour of the Crusades. 

 The upper arch was built over the other at the 

 expense of the country, in 1753, and the iron balus- 

 trades were added by Mr Jones in 1814. The 

 lower arch may be distinctly viewed by looking 

 over the upper bridge ; but the whole scene is so 



