4-14 



BARBARELLI BARBAR Y STATES. 



niiniiul exerts for eight years, from 17-10 to 1748, 

 \VTC 13,1)48 hogsheads of sugar, of 13 cwt. each, 

 12,884 puncheons of rum, of 100 gallons each, H) 

 hogsheads of molasses, 4,067 bagsot ginger, uOobags 

 of cotton. Mini 3-^7 gourds of aloes. The exports, on 

 an average, in 17S-I, 17S5, and 1 7S<>, Imd fallen to 

 9,554 hogsheads of sii;ir, .'>. I IS |iunclicons of rum, 

 6,3^<) lijs of ginger, s,:>:H bags of cotton, exclude 

 of some smaller articles. Value of exports in 1809, 

 450,71)0; in 1810, 271,597. Imports in 1809, 

 288,412; in 1810, 311,400. The Moravians have 

 l\vo missionaries, and the Methodist society one, on 

 this i>land. (See It't-st India.) Much information 

 on this island is to be found in .Mr \\illx rturcc's re- 

 port to parliament It is thought that Barbadoes 

 reached its summit of prosperity a hundred years ago. 



BAKHAKKU.I. See Giorgione. 



BARBARIAN. The Greeks gave the name /3a;/3g9f 

 to every one who spoke Uieir language badly. The 

 term was afterwards applied to all foreign nations ; 

 and, ns the civilization of Greece was really much 

 higher than that of the surrounding nations, the idea 

 ofrude, illiterate, uncivilized, soon connected itself 

 with the word. The Romans, in this, as in many 

 other cases, imitated the Greeks, and applied the 

 term barbarus to till nations except themselves and 

 the Greeks the two most civilized states of antiqui- 

 ty. This word, however, did not always convey the 

 idea of something odious ; thus Plautus calls Nzevius 

 barbarum poetatn, because he had not written in 

 Greek. Cicero (ad Div. ix. 3.) uses the word barbari 

 in reference to illiterate persons, without taste ; and 

 we still apply the term barbarism to an expression 

 which offends the rules of a language. The signifi- 

 cation of cruelty, implied in the word, is of modern 

 origin. Arrogant as it may appear to us, to apply a 

 term of contempt to every foreigner, a similar usage 

 has existed, and still exists to a certain degree, 

 among the European nations. These, for a long time, 

 applied the term savage, or some corresponding word, 

 to all nations who had not received the Christian faith; 

 and, even at the present time, Christian nations ge- 

 nerally seem to consider themselves released from the 

 ordinary rules of morality, when they have to deal 

 with nations of another religion. If the ancients ap- 

 pear to us arrogant in this respect, we must not for- 

 get that they never looked upon the barbarians in 

 the light of inferior beings ; never spoke of them, 

 nor conducted themselves towards them, in the style 

 which the Spaniards have used towards the barba- 

 rians of America, and many other nations besides 

 them towards the barbarians of Africa. 



BAKBARINO, Francesco da ; one of the earliest Ita- 

 'ian poets. He was borr. at Barbarino, in Tuscany, 

 in 126-1, and studied jurisprudence at Padua and Bo- 

 iogna. He was employed as an ecclesiastical law- 

 yer, and liad the degree of doctor of laws conferred 

 on him by pope. Clement V. He is reckoned among 

 the founders of Italian literature, on account of his 

 p oem entitled Documenti (VAmore, which relates to 

 moral philosophy. It was first printed at Rome, in 

 1640, by Ubaldini. The greater part of his works 

 are lost. Barbarino died of the plague at Florence, 

 in 1348. 



BAHBAROSSA ; emperor of Germany. See Fre- 

 deric I. 



BARBAROSSA, Aruch or Home ; the son of a rene- 

 gado of Lemnos, and a noted pirate. Having, by his 

 success in piracy on the coast of Barhary, made him- 

 self master of twelve galleys stoutly manned with 

 Turks, lie rendered himself so formidable, that Selim 

 Eutemi, ruler of the country about Algiers, called in 

 his assistance against the Spaniards. Being admitted 

 into Algiers with his men, he caused Selim to be 

 strangled in a bath, and himself to be proclaimed 



king. He acted with the greatest tyranny, which 

 produced a revolt among the Arabs, who sought tin- 

 aid of the king of Tunis. This confederacy was de- 

 feated, and Tunis itself taken, of which 13. also 

 declared himself the sovereign. He then marched 

 to Tremccen, the prince of which he also defeated, 

 and was admitted into their capital by the people, who 

 first beheaded their fugitive king. The next heir of 

 Tremecen then applied for aid to (Ionian-, ;o\crnor 

 of Oran for Charles V., who marched with a power- 

 ful army towards Trcinecen. B. leaving the town. 

 with his Turks, to meet this new enemy, the people 

 shut the gates; on which he endeavoured to fly, but, 

 being overtaken, fought like a lion in the- toils, anil 

 was cut to pieces, with all his Turks, in the 44th yeai 

 of his age, A. D. 1518. 



BARBAROSSA, Hayradin or Khayr Eddin ; younger 

 brother of the preceding. He was left by Aruch to 

 secure Algiers, when he marched against Tunis, and, 

 on his death, was proclaimed king in his place. 

 Finding his authority insecure, he made application 

 to the Ottoman sultan Soliman, offering to recognize 

 his superiority, and become tributary, provided a 

 force was sent to him sufficient to maintain him in 

 his usurpation. Soliman agreed to his proposals, and, 

 ordering him a reinforcement of janizaries, invested 

 him with the dignity of viceroy or pacha over the 

 kingdom of Algiers. Thus reinforced, Hayradin 

 built a wall for the improvement of the harbour, 

 strengthened it with fortifications, and may be deemed 

 the founder of that mischievous seat of piracy, as it 

 has ever since existed. Such was his reputation for 

 naval and military talents, that Soliman II. made him 

 his capitan pacha. In this capacity, he signalized 

 himself by a long course of exploits against the Vene- 

 tians and Genoese; and, in 1543, when Francis I. 

 made a league with Soliman, B. left Constantinople, 

 and, with a powerful fleet, having the French ambas- 

 sador on board, took Reggio, and sacked the coast 

 of Italy. In conjunction with the French, he also 

 besieged and took Nice, and refitting during the 

 winter at Toulon, again ravaged the coast and islands 

 of Italy in the ensuing spring, and returned with 

 many prisoners and much spoil to Constantinople. 

 From this time he seems to have declined active ser 

 vice, and to have given himself up to a voluptuous 

 life among his female captives, until the age of eighty, 

 when he died, and his successor Hassan became pos- 

 sessed of his authority and riches. With the ferocity 

 of a Turk and a corsair, he possessed some generous 

 sentiments, and obtained a character for honour and 

 fidelity in his engagements. 



BARBARY STATES. The states of Barbary lie on the 

 northern coast of Africa, westerly from Egypt, as 

 far as the Atlantic ocean. They are Tripoli (includ- 

 ing Barca), Tunis, Algiers, Fez, and Morocco. They 

 have been, till lately, except some little republics in 

 Barca, all seats of the military despotism of the 

 Turks and Moors. This tract of land, 741,650 square 

 miles, is intersected by the Atlas mountains, whose 

 highest summits are constantly covered with snow. 

 The loftiest among them, not far from the city of Mo- 

 rocco, is 12,000 feet high. On the coast, a mild, 

 healthy, spring-like breeze prevails the whole year, 

 except in July and August, when the suffocating 

 south wind blows. The plague is never generated 

 here, but is brought from Constantinople. 



The ground is fruitful in those places where it is 

 watered by rivers running from the Atlas mountains 

 into the Mediterranean. From July till October, 

 when all other plants are scorched up by the sun, 

 the oleander still survives to enliven the landscape. 

 In winter, the ground is watered by frequent and 

 violent showers. In January, the meadows are 

 already adorned with verdure. In April and May, 



