418 



BAHHAULD BAKBIE-DU-BOCAGE. 



bitants. By the peace of 1816, Naples payed yearly 

 to Algiers 2 4,OOO dollars, ami ransomed Neapolitan 

 captives at the rate of 1000 dollars each. The ships 

 of tli<- I'niu d Suites of America captured ;m Algcrinc 

 frigate ami brig of war in 1815, and the dey was 

 obliged to make a treaty with the States, in which he 

 renounced all tribute. ;ind even i;a\c (iO.tXH) dollars 

 ns a compensation for the American ships which had 

 been plundered. (See l.y man's Difiltunary. With 

 regard to the relation of Algiers to Britain, see 

 Slave trade). The principal city, Algiers, with 80,000 

 inhabitants including H>,<XH) .Irws. lie* on the -ea- 

 coast, and is strongly fortifietl. It is now occupied 

 by the French (sec France). In the provinces, 

 the principal city is Con-tantina, bordering on Tunis. 

 It is the most populous city, next to Algiers, and con- 

 tains many ancient monuments. The provinces are 

 under the despotic rule of beys: the villages have 

 their own sheiks; if a sheik has authority over several 

 villages, he is allied nn nitir. Respecting Tunis, 

 Tripoli, the kingdom of Fez and Morocco, the pro- 

 vinces of BileduFgerid and Barca, see these articles. 

 i S-e also the article Berber.) The naval power of 

 all the states of Northern Africa, taken together, has 

 always been insignificant, in comparison with the 

 European fleets. For further information, see Blaqui- 

 ere's Letters from the Mediterranean, containing a Civil 

 and Political Account of Sicily, Tripoli, Tunis, and 

 Malta (London, 1813 ;) the Narrative of a Ten Years' 

 Residence at Tripoli ; An Account of the Domestic 

 Manners of the Moors, drabs, and Turks (London, 

 1816, 4to; written by Richard Tully, British con- 

 sul) ; Heating's Travels in Europe and Africa, with a 

 particular Account of Morocco (London, 1816, 4to) ; 

 Macgill's Account of Tunis (Glasgow, 1811) ; Shaler's 

 Sketches of Algiers (Boston, 1826) ; and Voyage 

 dans la Regence d'Alger ; Par M. Rozet (Paris, 1833.) 



BARBAULD, Anna Letitia, daughter of the reverend 

 John Aikin, was born at Kibworth, in Leicestersliire, 

 June 20, 1743. She received from him a classical 

 education, and early showed a disposition for poetry. 

 Her earliest production was a small volume of mis- 

 cellaneous poems, printed in 1772, which, in the year 

 following, was succeeded by a collection of pieces in 

 prose, published in conjunction with her brother, 

 doctor John Aikin, of Stoke Newington. In 1774, 

 she accepted the hand of the reverend Rochemont 

 Barbauld. Her Early Lessons and Hymns for Chil- 

 dren, and various essays and poems, have secured for 

 her a permanent reputation. In 1785, she accom- 

 oanied her husband on a tour to the continent. In 

 1812, appeared the last of her separate publications, 

 entitled, Eighteen Hundred and Eleven, a poem of 

 considerable merit ; previous to which she had amused 

 herself by selecting and editing a collection of Eng- 

 lish novels, with critical and biographical notices. A 

 similar selection followed from the best British essay- 

 ists of the reign of Anne, and another from Richard- 

 son's manuscript correspondence, with a memoir and 

 critical essay on his life and writings. Mrs B. died 

 at Stoke Newington, March 9, 1825, in her 82d 

 year, leaving behind her many unpublished manu- 

 scripts, both in prose and verse. 



BARBAZAN, Etienne; a French author and antiquary ; 

 born, 1696, at St Fargeau. He edited several scarce 

 books relating to the manners and customs of the feudal 

 ages. Among these are, L'Ordene de C/uvalrie, 1759 ; 

 Le Castoiement, oil Instructions d'mi Perea son Fits; 

 and Tales and Fables of the Twelfth and Thirteenth 

 Centuries, in three vols., 1760 ; all in 12mo. Ano- 

 ther edition of these works was printed at Paris, in 

 four vols. 8vo, in 1808. These are interesting to 

 the student who wishes to trace the progress of the 



modern languages. Barbazan died in 1770. 

 J3 iBBKRRiEs. Barberries are a beautiful red 



and 



oblong-shaped fruit, produced in small bunches by a 

 shrub (fierln-rri.1 m/garis), with somewhat oval, serra- 

 ted, and pointed leaves ; thorns, three together, upon 

 the brandies, and hanging clusters of yellow flowers. 

 So great .is the acidity of this beautiful fniii, that 

 even birds refuse to eat it. Ill this respect, it nearly 

 approaches the tamarind. When boiled \\itli - 

 it makes an agreeable prescne, rob, or jelly, ac- 

 cording to the (litferent modes of preparing it. Bar- 

 berries are also used as a dry sweetmeat, 'and ill su- 

 gur-plinns or comfits ; are pickled with vinegar, and 

 are used for the garnishing of dishes. They are well 

 calculated to allay heat and thirst in persons attlictcd 

 with fevers. The bark of the barberry sjirub is s.ii,, 

 to have been administered with etl'ect in cases of 

 jaundice, and in some other complaints ; and the in- 

 ner bark, with the assistance of alum, dyes linen a 

 fine yellow colour. The roots, particularly their lirk, 

 are employed in Poland, in the dyeing of leather. 

 A very singular circumstance has been stilted re- 

 specting the barberry shrub, that grain, sown near it, 

 proves abortive, the ears being, in general, destitute 

 of grain, and that this influence is sumctimes extend- 

 ed to a distance of three or four hundred yards 

 across a field. 



BARBETTE ; an elevation of earth behind the breast- 

 work of a fortification or an iiitrcnchment, from which 

 the artillery may be fired over the parapet. The 

 height of the breasting (the part of thep;;rapct which 

 covers the cannon) is generally 3^ feet ; the length 

 of the barbette, 1 4 16 feet; the breadth for every 

 cannon, 10 18 feet. An ascent leads from the in- 

 terior of the intrenchment to the barbette. \N hen 

 the garrison has much heavy ordnance, or the enemy 

 has opened his trenches, or when it is determined 10 

 cannonade the intrenchments of a given point, as, for 

 example, a bridge or pass, and the direction of the 

 cannon is not to be materially changed, it is usual, 

 instead of making a barbette, to cut embrasures in 

 the parapet : on the contrary, firing from the barbette 

 is expedient when one expects to be attacked only by 

 infantry, or wishes to cannonade the whole surround- 

 ing country. 



BARBEYRAC, John, was born at Beziers, in 1674, 

 and went with his father to Lausanne, in 1686. He 

 afterwards taught belles-lettres in the French college 

 at Berlin, but, in 1710, accepted the invitation to fill 

 the new professorship of law and history founded at 

 Berne, whence, in 1717, he removed to the chair of 

 public and private law, at Groningen. B. lias distin- 

 guished himself by many learned works which show 

 a high degree of erudition and a liberal spirit. His 

 French translation of the Law of Nature and Nations, 

 by Puffendorff, as also of the Rights of War and Peace 

 by Grotius, to both of which he added learned notes, 

 are well known and much esteemed. He has like- 

 wise translated several works of the most distinguish- 

 ed civilians, including Cumberland's Latin treatise 

 on Natural Law, his notes appended to which are 

 highly valued. He died in 1747. 



BARBIE-DU-BOCAGE, J. D. ; geographer of the 

 French department of foreign affairs, and, since 180G, 

 member of the academy of inscriptions ; born at Paris, 

 1760; died Dec. 28, 1825. He was a pupil of 

 d'Anville. In 1785, he was appointed to assist in 

 the care of the cabinet of medals, in the royal library. 

 In 1793, when the arrest of all the officers of the 

 libraries was decreed, he lost his small income. In 

 1797, he was appointed geographer to the ministry 

 of the home department, and, in 1803, to that of 

 foreign affairs ; in 1809. professor, and, in 1815, dean 

 of the academy of sciences at Paris. B. furnished 

 the plans and maps to Choiseul-Gouffier's J'oyage 



t'ircsr/uc en Grtce. In 1788, he furnished an atlas 

 for Bartheluny's Travels of Auacharsis the Younger; 



