422 



HAUEZZI BAHK. 



to unpleasant if not dangerous con-ci|iicnces. After 

 mi ahsi nccof six yi ars, Jir therefore returned, through 

 Spain anil Portugal, to F.ngland. ;ml. in \',<>^, pul>- 

 lishcd mi Account of tin- Manners and Customs of 

 Italy. Doctor Johnson, whose friendship to him was 

 always \v;irm and cordial, soon al'trr introduced him 

 to the Thralc family. Not long utter his rclurn from 

 Italy, an incident occurred to him of the most di^- 

 Iressing nature. AccoMed in the I laj market by a 

 woman of tin- town, lie repulsed her with a dcn i -uf 

 roughness which produced an attack from some of 

 lit r male confederate's, and, in the sculHe, he struck 

 one of the assailants with a French pocket dessert 

 knife. On this, (he man pursued anil collared him ; 

 \\hen B. , still more alarmed, stabbed him repeatedly 

 with the knife, and lie died of the wounds on the fol- 

 lowing day. I !< was immediately taken into custody, 

 and was tried for murder at the Old Bailey, but acquit- 

 ted. On this occasion, Johnson, Burke, Goldsmith, 

 (inrrirk, Reynolds, and Beauclerk gave testimony to 

 Ills good diameter ; and, although he did not escape 

 censure for his too ready resort to a knife, his acquit- 

 tal was generally approved. In 177O, he published 

 his Journey from London to Genoa, through Kngland, 

 Portugal, Spain, and France a work replete with 

 information and entertainment. lie also continued 

 to publish introductory works, for the use of students 

 in the Italian and other modern languages, and su- 

 perintended a complete edition ot the works of 

 Machiavel. The latter part of his life was harassed 

 with pecuniary difficulties, which were very little alle- 

 viated by his honorary post of foreign secretary to 

 the royal academy, and an ill paid pension of 80 

 per annum under the North administration. In 1786, 

 lie published a work with the singular title of" Tol- 

 endron : Speeches to John Bowles about his Edition 

 of Don Quixote, together with some Account of 

 Spanish Literature." He died in May, 1789. B., 

 although rough and cynical in his appearance, was a 

 pleasant companion ; and of his powers in conversa- 

 tion Dr Johnson thought highly. He was deemed 

 a latitudinarian in respect to religion ; but his inte- 

 grity was unimpeached, his morals pure, and his man- 

 ners correct. He had, also, a high sense of the 

 value of independence, and often refused pecuniary 

 assistance when he most needed it. 



BAREZZI, Stefano, painter in Milan, has made him- 

 self known by the mode which he invented of taking 

 old fresco paintings from walls, by fixing upon them 

 a piece of linen, covered with a certain cement, which 

 loosens the colours ; they are then transferred upon 

 a board prepared for the purpose, upon which, after 

 removing the linen, they remain perfectly firm. In 

 the hall of exhibition of the palace Brera is to be 

 seen a painting of Aurelio Luino, representing the 

 torture of St Vincent, which he has safely transferred 

 to a board in this manner. 



BARFLEUR ; a sea port of France, in the department 

 of the Channel; 12 miles east of Cherburg. Lon. 

 1 15' W. ; lat. 49 40' N. Pop. 900. It was, at 

 one time, the best port on the coast of Normandy ; 

 but, in the year 1346, it was taken and pillaged by 

 Edward III., king of England, and the harbour de- 

 stroyed. William the Conqueror fitted out at B. the 

 expedition which effected the conquest of England. 



BARGAIN AND SALE, INSTRUMENT OF, is an indenture 

 whereby lands and tenements are granted. By the 

 staL 27 Hen. VIII. , c. 16, it was enacted that an 

 estate of freehold should not pass by Iwrgain and 

 sale, unless by indenture enrolled in one of the courts 

 of Westminster, or in the county where the lands lie. 

 This statute would have introduced the general prac- 

 tice of enrolment of deeds in England, had it ex- 

 tended to ieasehold estates. To remedy this defect 

 iii some measure, the statute of 29 Charles II., c. 3., 



was enacted : which provides against conveying lands 

 or hereditaments for more than three yc;irs, or declar- 

 ing trusts otherwise than in writing. The convey- 

 ance by lwrain and sale, in England, is very similar 

 to the conveyances by deed, most generally in use in 

 the United States. 



BAKU. i A ; the term applied, in commerce, to a pro- 

 duct obtained from the combustion of certain marine 

 vegetables. This word is the Spanish name of a plant 

 (salsola soda), from the ashes of whieh is produced 

 the above substance, which affords the alkali (soda). 

 This is also procured from the ashes of prickly salt- 

 wort, shrubby saltwort (mi/xnfit fniticnuu) and numer- 

 ous plains of oilier tribes. The plants made use of 

 for burning differ in different countries ; and the resi- 

 due of their incineration contains the soda in various 

 states of purity. The barilla derived from the ul,f- 

 srinliryitiithriiium nodiflorum of Spain, rind the M. 

 copticum of Africa, contains from 25 to 40 per cent, 

 ot carbonate of soda; whereas that from the xulsoltt 

 and the sulirnrnin of other districts affords about half 

 this quantity ; and the particular variety known under 

 the name of kelp, procured by burning various sea 

 weeds, is a still coarser article, not yielding above 

 two or three per cent, of real soda. To obtain the 

 carbonate of soda, it is only requisite to lixiviate the 

 barilla in boiling water, and evaporate the solution. 



On the shores of the Mediterranean, where the pre- 

 paration of soda is pursued to a considerable extent, 

 the seeds of the plants from which it is obtained are 

 regularly sown in places near the sea. These, when 

 at a sufficient state of maturity, are pulled up by the 

 roots, dried, and afterwards tied in bundles to be burnt. 

 This, in some places, is done in ovens constructed for 

 the purpose, and, in others, in trenches du near the 

 sea. The ashes, whilst they are hot, are continually 

 stirred with long poles, and the saline matter they 

 contain forms, when cold, a solid mass, almost as hard 

 as stone. This is afterwards broken into pieces of 

 convenient size for exportation. The best sort of 

 Spanish soda is in dark coloured masses of a bluish 

 tinge, very heavy, sonorous, dry to the touch, and ex- 

 ternally abounding in small cavities. Its taste is 

 very sharp, corrosive, and strongly saline. The im- 

 portant uses of soda in the arts, and especially the 

 constant consumption of it in the manufacture of all 

 kinds of fine and hard soaps, are well known. The 

 greater part of the barillas or crude sodas of com- 

 merce used to be obtained from the ashes of various 

 sea weeds, upon the western shores of Scotland. For 

 an account of this, see Kelp. 



BARITON ; a male voice, the compass of which 

 partakes of those of the common bass and the tenor, 

 but does not extend so far downwards as the one, nor 

 to an equal height with the other. 



BARJAPOOR. See Beejapoor. 



BARK, PERUVIAN, is the produce of a tree, the vari- 

 ous species of cinchona, which is the spontaneous 

 growth of many parts of South America, but more 

 particularly of Peru. The tree is said somewhat to 

 resemble a cherry-tree in appearance, and bears 



clusters of red flowers This valuable medicine was 



formerly called Jesuit's bark, from its having been 

 introduced into Europe by the members of that reli- 

 gious order, who were settled in South America. 

 They were instructed in the use of it by the natives 

 of Peru, to whom it had been Jong known ; and it 

 continued, for many years, a source of profit to the 

 order. Its botanical name was derived from that of 

 the countess del Cinchon, the lady of a Spanish 

 viceroy, who had been cured by it. The tree from 

 which it is obtained grows abundantly in the forests 

 cf Quito and Peru, and the bark is cut by the natives 

 in the months of September, October, and November, 

 during which, alone, the weather is free from rain. 



