BARR1CADE.-B ARROW. 



431 



BARRICADE, or BARRICAUO ; those objects which are 

 hastily collected to defend a narrow passage (for in- 

 stance, the street of a village, a defile, a bridge, &c.), 

 the removing of which retards the enemy, and gives 

 to the sharpshooters, posted behind or in its neigh- 

 bourhood, an opportunity of firing upon them with 

 effect. Waggons, harrows, casks, chests, branches 

 of trees, beams, in short, every thing which is at 

 hand is used for this purpose ; and, if it is necessary, 

 that the enemy, when consisting principally of ca- 

 valry, should be checked in the pursuit, though it be 

 but for a moment, the ammunition and baggage wag- 

 gons may be. employed with effect. 



BARRIER TREATY. When, by the peace of Utrecht, 

 the Spanish Netherlands were ceded to Austria, 1715, 

 this cession was agreed to by the Dutch, who had 

 conquered these provinces in alliance with England, 

 only on condition that they should have the right (in 

 order to secure their borders against their powerful 

 neighbour) to garrison several fortresses of the coun- 

 try, viz., Namur, Tournay, Menin, Fumes, Warne- 

 ton, Ypres, and the fort of Kenock, and to maintain, 

 in common with Austria, a garrison in Dendermonde ; 

 and that Austria should engage to pay yearly to Hol- 

 land 350,000 dollars for the support of these garri- 

 sons. The treaty which was concluded between 

 these two powers, in 1718, was called the Barrier 

 treaty. In 1781, the emperor Joseph II. declared it 

 void, notwithstanding all the remonstrances of the 

 states general. 



BARRINGTON, Dames ; fourth son of the first viscount 

 Barrington ; distinguished as a lawyer, antiquary, and 

 isaturafist. He was born in 1727, and, after prepara- 

 tory studies at Oxford and the Inner Temple, was 

 called to the bar. He held several offices previous 

 to his being appointed a Welsh judge in 1757 ; and 

 was subsequently second justice of Chester till 1785, 

 when he resigned that post, and thenceforward 

 lived in retirement, chiefly at his chambers in the In- 

 ner Temple, where he died, March, 1800. His works 

 are numerous ; among them is Tracts on the Proba- 

 bility of reaching the North Pole, 1775, 4to. 



BARRISTER ; in England, an advocate or counsellor, 

 who has been admitted by one of the iqns of court, 

 viz., the Inner Temple, Middle Temple, Lincoln's 

 Inn, or Gray's Inn, to plead at the bar. Before a 

 student can be admitted to the bar, he must have 

 been a member of one of those societies, and have 

 kept terms there for five, or, if he be a master of arts 

 of either of the uni versities of Cambridge, Oxford, or 

 Dublin, for three years. Twelve public disputations, 

 or legal theses, were formerly required ; but these 

 have now dwindled into mere forms. Barristers are 

 also called utter or outer barristers, to distinguish 

 them from Serjeants and king's counsel, who sit 

 within the bar in the courts. They are also styled, 

 in the old books, apprenticii ad legem, as being still 

 but apprenticed to the profession, to the highest grade 

 of which (that of serjeant, or serviens ad legem) they 

 could not be admitted until they had sat without the 

 bar, through the apprenticeship of sixteen years. The 

 duties of a counsel are honorary, and he can maintain 

 no action for his fees, which are considered as a gra- 

 tuity, and not as hire. In the United States, the de- 

 gree of barrister, though not formally abolished, has 

 fallen into disuse. 



BARROS, Joan de, the most illustrious of the Por- 

 tuguese historians, born at Viseu, 1496, was descend- 

 ed from an ancient noble family. At first one of the 

 pages of the king Emanuel, he distinguished himself 

 so much by his talents and address, that the king 

 selected him, at the age of seventeen, for the com- 

 panion of the prince royal. He employed all his 

 leisure time in reading Sallust, Livy, and Virgil. He 

 wrote his first work, in the midst of the distractions 



of the court, in the anti-chamber. It was an histori- 

 cal romance, entitled the Emperor Clarimond, distin- 

 guished for beauty of language. It appeared in 1 520, 

 the author being but twenty-four years old. B. pre- 

 sented it to the king, who urged him to undertake 

 the history of the Portuguese in India. The king 

 died a few months after, but his orders were exe- 

 cuted, and this work appeared thirty-two years 

 later. King John III. appointed B. governor of the 

 Portuguese settlements in Guinea, and, afterwards, 



feneral agent for these colonies. He performed the 

 uties of this office with understanding and honesty 

 The king presented him, in 1530, with the province 

 of Maranham in Brazil, for the purpose of coloniza- 

 tion. B. lost a great part of his fortune by the enter- 

 prise, and returned the province to the king, who 

 indemnified him for his losses. At the age of 12 

 years, he retired to his estate of Alitem, where he died 

 after three years. His work VAzia Portugiieza, 

 upon the doings of the Portuguese in India, consists 

 of 40 books, and probably will always remain a stand- 

 ard work in this department of literature. He wrote, 

 besides, a moral dialogue, Rhopicancuma, in which 

 he shows the pernicious consequences of accommo- 

 dating principles to circumstances ; but this work was 

 prohibited by the inquisition. He has written al.so a 

 dialogue on false modesty, and a Portuguese grammar, 

 the first ever published. 



BARROW, Isaac, an eminent mathematician and 

 divine, was the son of Mr Thomas Barrow, a respec- 

 table citizen and linen draper of London, in which 

 city he was born in 1 630. His childhood gave no 

 presage of his future celebrity ; for, at the Charter 

 house, where he was educated, he was chiefly re- 

 markable for fighting and neglect of study. Being 

 removed to a school at Felsted, in Essex, he began 

 to show some earnest of his future great reputation. 

 He was subsequently entered a pensioner of Trinity 

 college, Cambridge, of which he was chosen a scholar, 

 in 1047. The ejection of his uncle, the bishop of 

 St Asaph, from his fellowship of Peterhouse, in con- 

 sequence of liis adherence to the royal party, and the 

 great losses sustained by his father in the same cause, 

 left him in a very unprovided condition. His good 

 disposition and great attainments, however, so won 

 upon his superiors, that, although he refused to sub- 

 scribe to the covenant, he was very highly regarded. 

 In 1 649, he was elected fellow of his college, and, 

 finding that opinions in church and state opposite to 

 his own now prevailed, proceeded some length in the 

 study of anatomy, botany, and chemistry, with a 

 view to the medical profession. He, however, chang- 

 ed his mind, and to the study of divinity joined that 

 of mathematics and astronomy, unbending his mind 

 by the cultivation of poetry, to which he was always 

 much attached. In 1652, he graduated M. A. at 

 Oxford, and, being disappointed in his endeavour to 

 obtain the Greek professorship at Cambridge, en- 

 gaged in a scheme of foreign travel. He set out in 

 1655 ; and, during his absence, his first work, an edi- 

 tion of Euclid's Elements, was published at Cambridge. 

 He visited France and Italy, where he embarked Tor 

 Smyrna ; and, the ship in which he sailed being at- 

 tacked by an Algerine corsair, he steod manfully to 

 the guns until the enemy was beaten off. From 

 Smyrna he proceeded to Constantinople, returned, in 



1659, by way of Germany and Holland, and was soon 

 after episcopally ordained by bishop Brownrigg. In 



1660, he was elected Greek professor at the univer- 

 sity of Cambridge, without fi competitor. At the re- 

 commendation of Dr Wilkins, afterwards bishop of 

 Chester, he was, in 1 662, chosen professor of geometry 

 in Gresliam college, and, in 1 663, the royal society 

 elected him a member of that Ixxly, in the first choice 

 after their incorporation. The same year, lie was 



