452 



BATTOGES BAUTZEN. 



knowledge of the appearance of horses :uul men, 

 mid, if possible, lo have seen a battle, ns few persons 

 ore able to form from hearsay an accurate idea of 

 such a scene. Some of the greatest pieces of this 

 kind are, the battle of Con.stantine, of which the car- 

 toons were drawn by Raphael, and which was exe- 

 cuted by G nil io Romano; Lebrun's kittles of Alex- 

 ander, :md the !i;ililes of the Amazons, by Rubens. 

 From these may be distinguished the skirmishes, 

 surprises, &c., which an- represents! with so much 

 skill by Antonio Tempesta, .lohn Snellink, Jos. van 

 der Velde, John Asselyn, IVier Sneyers, Robert von 

 Hoek, Fulcnne, called oracolo delle battaglif, J;imes 

 Cnurtois, Fnuiris van der Meulen, I'hilip Wouvcr- 

 inanii, Charles Breydel, Henry Verschuuring, and 

 (ieorge Philip Rugendas. 



BATTOURS, BATTACKS ; two thin sticks, with which 

 criminals in Russia were formerly beaten upon their 

 naked backs. The criminal was laid upon the 

 ground, and one of the executioners sat upon his 

 head, another upon his feet. By the code of Catha- 

 rine II. this punishment was abolished. 



BATTOBCAS, Las; two valleys, enclosed by high 

 mountains, in the Spanish kingdom of Leon, fifty miles 

 from Salamanca, about a Spanish mile long, and so 

 inaccessible, that the inhabitants are said to have been 

 unknown to the Spaniards for several centuries. 

 However, a convent of Carmelites was built in the 

 Battuecas valleys as early as 1559. They are situ- 

 ated so low, that, in the longest days, the sun only 

 shines there for four hours. The common account 

 that these valleys were discovered in the 1 6th cen- 

 tury, by two lovers, who fled there to escape the 

 pursuit of their families, has been declared by father 

 Feyjoo to be unfounded. Madame de Genlis has 

 founded upon this story her romance Las Battuecas 

 (Paris, 1816, 2 vols) ; but she labours under a mis- 

 take when she asserts that M. de Bourgoing, in his 

 Travels through Spain, has quoted, as an historical 

 fact, what she relates of the Battuecas. 



BAUCIS ; in fabulous history, a Phrygian woman ; 

 the wife of Philemon. They received Jupiter and 

 Mercury hospitably, after these gods had been denied 

 hospitality in the whole country, while traveling in 

 disguise. A deluge destroyed the remainder or the 

 people, but Philemon and Baucis, with their cottage, 

 was saved. They begged the gods to make their 

 cottage a temple, in which they could officiate as 

 priest and priestess, and that they might die together ; 

 which was granted. Philemon and Baucis are, there- 

 fore, names often used to indicate faithful and attach- 

 t'd married people. 



BAUMAN ISLANDS ; a cluster of islands in the South 

 Pacific ocean, discovered, in 1722, by Bauman, in his 

 voyage round the world with Roggewein. All the 

 inhabitants, says a writer, are white ; some of them 

 burned by the sun : they are numerous, and armed 

 with bows and arrows, but represented as of a gentle 

 and humane disposition, and friendly to strangers. 

 The largest island is about 21 or 22 miles in circum- 

 ference, with good anchorage. Lon. 173 W. ; lat. 

 12" S. 



BAUMANN'S CAVERN (in German, Daumannshohle) ; 

 an interesting natural cavern in the Harz, in the 

 principality of Blankenburg, on the left bank of the 

 Bode, about five miles from Blankenburg, in a lime- 

 stone mountain, consisting of six principal apartments, 

 besides many smaller ones, every where covered with 

 stalactites. The earthy ingredients of these petrifac- 

 tions are held in solution by the water which pene- 

 trates the rock, and deposits a calcarious stone. The 

 name of this cavern is derived from a miner, who 

 entered it in 1672, with the view of finding ore, but 

 lost his way, and wandered about for two days before 

 he could find the entrance. He soon after died. 



BAUMGARTEX, Alexander Gottlieb, an acute and 

 clear thinker of the school of Wolf, was born in 1714, 

 at Berlin, studied at Halle, and was, for a time, pro- 

 fessor extraordinary there. In 1740, he was made 

 professor of philosophy at Frankfort on the Oder, and 

 died there in 1762. He is the founder of ,-esthe- 

 tics as a science, and the inventor of this name. 

 He derived the rules of art from the works of 

 art and their effects. Hereby he distinguished 

 himself advantageously from the theorists of his time. 

 (See ^Esthetics.) His ideas of this science he first 

 developed in his academical discussion, l)<- Nonnullit 

 ml 1'tn'ma pertinentitius (Halle, 1735, 4to). George 

 Fr. Meier's Principles of all Liberal Sciences (three 

 vols., Halle, 174850) originated from his sugges- 

 tions. Eight years later, B. published his JittKttiea 

 (Frankfort on the Oder, 175058, two vols.), a work 

 which death prevented him from completing. 



BAOSE, John Frejderic, a distinguished German en- 

 graver, born at Halle, in 1738, died at Weimar, 1814. 

 He resided chiefly at Leipsic, where he executed 

 many highly esteemed engravings. He was a mem- 

 ber of several academies of fine arts. t 



BAUTZKN, or BODESSIN; capital of Upper Lusatia, 

 in the part belonging to the king of Saxony, upon a 

 height defended on the west side by steep rocks, the 

 foot of which is watered by the Spree. Among the 

 11,500 inhabitants, who are principally Lutherans, 

 there are a great number of Wendes, or descendants 

 of the Vandals, who worship in a Lutheran and in a 

 Catholic church, in their own language. The Ger- 

 man part of the population, both Catholic and Pro- 

 testant, worship together in the cathedral : the former 

 are in possession or the third part of it, including the 

 higli altar, sufficiently large for the small Catholic 

 congregation ; the nave serves the Lutheran com- 

 munity as their parish church, and the mutual spirit 

 of toleration in both parties has, in recent times, pre- 

 vented trouble from such an arrangement. 



Here was fought, on the 20th and 21st of May, 

 1813, the second great battle in the campaign of the 

 Prussians and Russians against the French. The 

 allies had been compelled, after the battle of Lutzen 

 (May 2, 1813), to retreat to the right bank of the 

 Elbe, and prepared themselves, near Bautzen on the 

 Spree, for a new engagement. Although the army 

 of Napoleon was far superior in number, being 

 strengthened by reinforcements from France, Italy, 

 and the troops of the confederation of the Rhine, so 

 as to amount to about 148,000 men, yet the allies 

 determined to risk a battle, that Prussia might gain 

 time for its levies in Silesia, and Napoleon be checked 

 in his advance as much as possible. It was also de- 

 sirable that the wavering troops of Austria should be 

 convinced that the army was able to make, a stand 

 against the enemy, and that the courage of the new 

 Prussian recruits should not be damped by continual 

 retreat, but, on the contrary, their wish for battle 

 gratified. On the morning of May 20, Napoleon 

 disclosed his plan of attack. In the evening, the 

 French had gained the city of Bautzen. On the 

 21st, the fight continued until four o'clock in the 

 afternoon, when the allies resolved on a retreat, 

 which was performed in such order, that Napoleon 

 was not able to gain any immediate advantage from 

 his victory. The field of battle was covered with 

 the dead, and was lighted by thirty burning villages. 

 The French loss was about 8000 men killed, and 

 18,000 wounded ; that of the allies, between 8 and 

 12,000. Napoleon, to encourage his troops, assigned 

 25,000,000 francs for the erection of a monument 

 upon mount Cenis, as a token of his gratitude towards 

 the French and Italian troops. The rear of the allies 

 repulsed two serious attacks, and, contrary to the 

 expectations of Napoleon, they marched to the ui- 



