BAVARIA. 



453 



trenched camp of Pulzen. But Lauriston occupiet 

 Breslau. The position of the allies, threatening the 

 right wing of the French army, the great loss which 

 the PYench had suffered, and the detached corps, 

 which cut off Napoleon's communication with Saxony, 

 induced him to accede to a suspension of arms on the 

 4th of June, near the city of Jauer. 



BAVARIA. At the time of the general migration 

 cf the barbarians, the regions formerly inhabited by 

 the Boii, the Celts of the Danube, were taken pos- 

 session of by some German tribes. This country, in 

 the time of Caesar, had been a waste, and, in the 

 time of Augustus, a Roman province (Vindelicia and 

 Noricum). At the end of the fifth century, these 

 tribes the Heruli, the Rugians, the Turcilingians, 

 and the Skyres formed a confederacy, like those of 

 the Franks and the Marcomanni, under the name 

 Baioarians. They spread from Noricum westward 

 to the Lech. Ratisbon was their chief seat. This 

 country was then called Noricum, and, according to 

 Mannert, was never subjected to the Ostrogoths. 

 When the Franks took possession of Rhffitia, the 

 Baioarians became subject to them. The people, 

 however, still retained the liberty of choosing their 

 own rulers. After the division of the empire of 

 Charlemagne, this region was disturbed like the rest 

 of Europe, by the conflicting ciaims of rival dukes, 

 till the time of Otho the Great, count palatine of 

 Wittelsbach. Otho, the ancestor of the present dy- 

 nasty, died in 1 183. His successor, Louis I. enlarged 

 the Bavarian territory, and acquired the palatinate 

 of the Rhine. He was murdered in 12.31, probably 

 at the instigation of Henry, whose rebellion against 

 his father, the emperor Frederic II., the duke had 

 censured. He was succeeded by his son Otho, the 

 Illustrious, palatine of the Rhine. Under his reign, 

 the bishops made themselves independent. His do- 

 minions, however, were considerably increased. His 

 attachment to the emperor involved him in the ex- 

 communication pronounced against that prince. He 

 died in 1253. His sons, Louis and Henry, reigned 

 for two years in conjunction. In 1255, they divided 

 the territories, Louis receiving Upper and Henry 

 Lower Bavaria. The line of the latter became ex- 

 tinct a few years afterwards. The inheritance of the 

 unhappy Conradin of Hohenstaufen fell into the 

 hands of these princes. One of the two sons of 

 Louis was raised to the imperial dignity, in 1314, 

 under the title of Louis IV. (q. v.), called the Bava- 

 rian. He entered into an agreement with the sons 

 of his brother (Pavia, 1329) for the division of the 

 dominions of the family. In consequence of this 

 agreement, king Maximilian Joseph united all the 

 dominions of the Wittelsbach dynasty in 1799. After 

 the extinction of the Lower Bavarian line, the em- 

 peror Louis, by the desire of his states, united Lower 

 with Upper Bavaria. The emperor introduced a new 

 code of -laws for Upper Bavaria, a new organization 

 of the courts for Lower Bavaria, conferred the privi- 

 leges of a city on Munich, and reduced to order the 

 internal administration. He died October 11, 1347, 

 leaving six sons by two marriages. His dominions 

 included Bavaria, Brandenburg, the provinces of 

 Holland and Zealand, Tyrol, &c. These provinces 

 were soon lost by the divisions and dissensions of the 

 different lines. 



Most of the lines founded by the six brothers early 

 became extinct. In 1506, a diet of the states of 

 Upper and Lower Bavaria was assembled by duke 

 Albert II., who, with the consent of his brother 

 Wolfgang, and of the estates, published a pragmatic 

 sanction, introducing the law of primogeniture, and 

 fixing the allowance of the younger sons. Albert 

 died in 1508. Of his three sons, William IV., Louis, 

 and Earnest, William ought, accordingly, to have 



been his sole heir. The authority was, however, 

 divided, after much contest, between William IV. 

 and Louis, until the death of the latter, in 1534. 

 These princes were both opposed to the reformation. 

 Luther's most violent opponent, John Eck, lived at 

 Ingolstadt, under their protection, which they also 

 extended to the Jesuits. William died in 1550; his 

 son Albert V., the Generous, succeeded him. He 

 also favoured the Jesuits, but was a liberal patron of 

 the arts and sciences. The states received from him 

 great privileges. He died in 1579. Of three sons, 

 the eldest, William V., the Pious, succeeded him, 

 and, in 1596, resigned the government to his eldest 

 son, Maximilian I., and retired to a monastery. 



Maximilian, a prince of distinguished abilities, was 

 the soul of the league formed against the Protestant 

 union. In the course of the thirty years' war, which 

 had just broken out, Maximilian was invested, by the 

 emperor Ferdinand II. (1623), with the dignity of 

 elector palatine. The peace of Westphalia confirmed 

 Maximilian in the electoral dignity, and the posses- 

 sion of the upper palatinate, in return for the renuncia 

 tion of Upper Austria, which had been pledged to 

 him for 1 3,000,000 florins, expenses of war ; and, on 

 the other hand, a new electorate, the eighth, was es- 

 tablished for the palatinate line, and its succession to 

 the title and territory of the original electorate was 

 settled, in case of the failure of the line of William. 

 Maximilian died Sept. 27, 1651, after a reign of 55 

 years. 



He was succeeded by his son Ferdinand Maria, 

 who was succeeded, in 1679, by his eldest son Maxi- 

 milian Emanuel. In the war of the Spanish suc- 

 cession, the elector declared for France. After the 

 battle of Blenheim, Bavaria was treated by the em- 

 peror as a conquered country. The elector was put 

 under the ban of the empire in 1706, and was not 

 reinstated in his government till the peace of Baden 

 (1714). After his death, in 1726, Charles Albert 

 succeeded him in the electoral dignity. Although 

 he had signed the pragmatic sanction of the emperor 

 Charles VI., yet, after the death of the emperor, and 

 the beginning of the first Silesian war, so fortunate 

 for the king of Prussia, he claimed the whole Aus- 

 trian territory, subjected all Upper Austria, assumed 

 the title of archduke of Austria, after the capture of 

 Prague in the same year received homage as king of 

 Bohemia, and was elected emperor of Germany, at 

 Frankfort, 1742, under the title of Charles VII. 

 But here his fortune began to decline. As he had 

 received the homage of Austria and Bohemia, so, af- 

 ter the sudden change in the fortune of the war 

 (1743), Maria Theresa obliged the states of Bavaria, 

 and of the upper palatinate, to swear allegiance to her. 

 Notwithstanding his alliance with the landgrave of 

 Hesse-Cassel and Frederic II. (1744), and the pro- 

 gress of the Prussian arms, Charles was compelled, 

 by the superior talent of the Austrian general, 

 Charles of Lorraine, to expose Bavaria. He did not 

 live to see the end of the war, but died Jan. 20, 

 1745. 



His son and successor, Maximilian Joseph III., 

 who also assumed, at first, the title of archduke of 

 Austria, made peace with Austria soon after, at Fus- 

 sen (April 22, 1745), became one of the guarantees 

 of the pragmatic sanction, promised the archduke 

 Francis his vote in the election of emperor, and 

 received in return all the Bavarian territories which 

 lad been conquered by Austria. Maximilian Joseph 

 devoted himself entirely to the good of his country. 

 He encouraged agriculture, manufactures, mining; 

 regulated the judicial establishments, the police, the 

 inances, and institutions for instruction ; the sciences 

 were promoted by the foundation of the academy of 

 science at Munich, in 1759, and the fine arts found in 



