



BAVARIA. 



him a liberal protector. Hi', himself without children, 

 confirmed all the contracts relating to the inheritance, 

 wliicli liiid been made with (lie electoral line of the 

 .lalatinate since Uie treaty of Pavia (13-*)). In com- 

 pliance willi the treaties of ilie house of Wattrl>l>ach, 

 ;:s \\-i-ll ;is with the trrnis of the peace of Westphalia, 

 the right of succession in Bavaria reverted, undeniably, 

 to the elector of the palatinate, since the M "ittclshach- 

 B ivarian line became extinct on the death of Maximi- 

 liiin Joseph, 30th of December, 1777. Austria then 

 laid claim to Lower Havana, mid attempted to sup- 

 port her demands liy arms, without any previous 

 declaration of war. Charles Theodore, being without 

 children. w;-.s persuaded lo sign a treaty (Jan. 3 and 

 14, 17>), formally renouncing the Bavarian succes- 

 sion, lint the duke of Deux-Fonts, uncle of the 

 reigning king, the nearest agnate and presumptive 

 heir, encomvged by Frederic II., refused to acknow- 

 ledge that renunciation. This was the origin of 

 the war of the Bavarian succession, which was termi- 

 nated without bloodshed (owing chiefly to the Russian 

 declaration of war against Austria, by the peace of 

 Tcschen, May 13, 1779. 



The possession of Bavaria, from wiiich Austria 

 obtained only the Innviertel,witl(Braunau (800 square 

 miles), was secured to the elector palatine of Ba. aria, 

 according to the family compacts. By this union of 

 the Bavarian dominions, the eighth electorate be- 

 came extinct, according to the terms of the peace of 

 Westphalia. In 1781, however, the possession of 

 Bavaria again became an object of desire at Vi- 

 enna, and an exchange was proposed, which had 

 Ix-en already a subject of negotiation in the begin- 

 ning of the century. The emperor Joseph II. 

 pri|M)sed to the elector to excliange Bavaria for the 

 Austrian Netherlands (excluding Luxemburg and 

 Namur), and the sum of 3,000,000 florins for himself 

 and the duke of Deux-Ponts, with the title of king of 

 Burgundy. This project, though favoured by Rus- 

 sia, was disappointed by the firmness of the duke of 

 Denx-Ponts, who, encouraged by the protection of 

 Prussia, declared, " that he would never consent to 

 barter away the inheritance of his ancestors." The zeal 

 with which Francis II. adopted the cause of Bavaria, 

 induced the cabinet of Vienna to relinquish the plan, 

 and to declare, at the same time, " that there never 

 had been and never would beany intention of a forced 

 exchange." See League of the Princes. 



The reign of Charles Theodore was remarkable 

 for the rise of the lliuminati (q. v.) in Bavaria, for 

 the processes against them, and the revival of Jesuitism. 

 During these troubles, the liberty of the press was con- 

 tinually more and more restrained, and a period of in- 

 tellectual darkness appeared to be about to commence. 

 In the war of the French revolution, the elector sent 

 his contingent to the army of the empire. The 

 palatinate suffered much, and, in 1796, Bavaria 

 itself became the theatre of war. At this crisis 

 (Feb. 16, 1799), Charles Theodore died without issue, 

 and the Sulzbach branch of the line of the palatinate 

 l>ecaine extinct with him. The duke Maximilian 

 Joseph of Deux- Pouts came into possession of all the 

 Bavarian territories. The peace of Luneville (Feb. 

 9, 1801) put an end to the renewed war, and its 

 most important article the cession of the left bank 

 of the Rhine to France essentially affected Bavaria. 

 Whilst it lost all its possessions on the left bank of 

 the Rhine, and also the lands of the palatinate on the 

 right bank, it obtained, on the other hand, by an im- 

 perial edict, an indemnification, by which it gained, 

 in addition to the amount lost, a surplus of 2109 

 square miles, and 216,000 inhabitants. 



The political importance of Bavaria, with respect to 

 Austria as^well as to France, was more fully displayed 

 the war of 1805. When Austria resumed hostilities 



against France, she required the (lector of Bavnria to 

 unite his troops with Uie Austrian army, and refused 

 to allow him to remain neutral, ' which (as the em- 

 peror Francis wrote to the elector, Sept 3, 180-1) 

 France herself would only suffer as lon<; as she should 

 find it expedient." Bavaria, however, did not find it 

 accordant with its own interests to place itselt entirely 

 in the power of Ausirin. At the hi ginning of the 

 wnr, the elector joined the French with about :tf),000 

 troops, and the peace of Presburg annexed to his do- 

 minions 10,5'Jo square miles, and 1,000,000 inhabi- 

 tants, and conferred on him the dignity of king ; in 

 return for which, he ceded Wuntbur-, which was 

 erected into an electorate, in the place ef SaLhni"'. 

 The king of Bavaria, like the rulers of Wurti m- 

 berg, and Baden, now assumed sovereignly over 

 tile lands of the nobility of the empire within 

 his borders. The political connexion recently 

 formed with France was confirmed by the marriage 

 of the princess Augusta, daughter of the king, with 

 Eugene Napoleon, viceroy of Italy, son-in-law of tin- 

 French emperor. An immediate consequence of this 

 alliance was the excliange of Berg, which Bavaria 

 surrendered to Napoleon, for Anspach, which Prus- 

 sia had given up to France in exchange for iJanover, 

 and finally, what was most important, the signing of 

 the confederation of the Rhine (July 12, I.S06), in 

 which Bavaria promised to bring into the field 30,000 

 troops, and to fortify Augsburg and Lind.au. There- 

 upon, the king of Bavaria was obliged to take part 

 in the war against Prussia, in 1806, and in the war 

 against Austria, in 1809, one of the consequences of 

 which was the revolution of Tyrol. After its termi- 

 nation, Bavaria received important additions, partly 

 at the expense of Austria, partly by treaties of ex- 

 change with Wurtemlx-rg and Wurzburg. 



When, in 1812, the wnr Ix-twecn France and 

 Russia broke out, Bavaria sent anew its whole pro- 

 portion of troops to the French army. Insignificant 

 remains only of the 30,000 Bavarians returned in the 

 spring of 1813. Maximilian Joseph, notwithstanding 

 this sacrifice, placed fresh troops under the command 

 of Napoleon as the protector of the confederation of 

 the Rhine, when the new campaign was opened, near 

 the close of April. This army also suffered great 

 losses, but distinguished itself with its wonted bravery, 

 under the command of marshal Oudinot. It suffered 

 particularly in the battles of Luckauand Grosslxcren 

 (1813). At this time, the whole political system of 

 Bavaria was suddenly changed. Whilst the French 

 army of observation was formed at Wurzburg, under 

 Augereau, a Bavarian corps of observation was 

 placed on the Inn, over against a division of the 

 Austrian army. For a long time, both corps remain- 

 ed inactive. The departure of the corps of Auge- 

 reau, by which Bavaria was exposed in its most 

 vulnerable point, accelerated the resolution of its 

 king. The Bavarian general Wrede concluded an 

 armistice with the Austrian general Frimont, October 

 8, at Ried, which was followed by a proclamation, 

 October 15, by which the king of Bavaria abandoned 

 the confederation of the Rhine, and turned his forces 

 against France. In this convention, his present terri- 

 tories, with full sovereignty, were assured to the king, 

 and a sufficient indemnification for those lands which 

 should be made over to Austria. At the same time, 

 Wrede, as commander-in chief, united the Austrian 

 corps with his own, and turnexl the Bavarian arms 

 against the French, in the battle of Hanau. In 1815, 

 at the breaking out of the new war, the present king, 

 then crown-prince, took the command of the national 

 army. Meanwhile, the congress of Vienna, and, 

 more particularly, the preparation of the statutes of 

 the German diet (as well as the different interests 

 originating from the new European, and especially 



