456 



BAVIUS BAYADEER. 



nc\\ representative constitution, May 26, 181S. The 

 system of the two chambers has Ix-en adopted. '1 lie 

 chamber of peers, or, as they are called in Bavaria. 

 ReicAs Rathe (counsellors of the realm), consists of 

 die princes, the crown-ortiecrs two archbishops, the 

 sixteen seniors of the families which were formerly 

 members of the German empire, one liMmp, Appoint- 

 ed by the king, the president of the Protestant con- 

 sistory, beside-, fifteen hereditary peers, and twelve 

 who hold their stations for life, chosen by the king. 

 The lower chamber consists of fourteen representa- 

 tives of the lower nobility, one representative of each 

 of the three universities of the kingdom, nine repre- 

 sentative- lit the Catholic, and five of the Protestant 

 clergy, two of Munich, one of Augsburg, one of 

 Niuviiilx rg, twenty four of all the other cities and 

 market-places, and fifty-six of the land-owners (not 

 noblemen). The elections in the cities are badly 

 conducted, as they are in the hands of the city coun- 

 cils, i ln> mayors, &c. Another great fault is, that 

 the amount of property required in a representative 

 is so great, tliat whole districts are excluded from 

 representation. The rights which the representa- 

 tives have are not altogether insignificant ; yet there 

 are many other things wanted, as a perfectly free 

 press, and many real guarantees of freedom, before 

 we can speak of it as actually existing in Bavaria. 

 The ministers are responsible, and yet their power is 

 unconstitutionally great. It would not be very diffi- 

 cult for the Bavarian government to do any thing 

 they pleased, without encountering many constitu- 

 tional obstacles. The first meeting of the represen- 

 tatives was held, Feb. 4, 1819. There is one repre- 

 sentative for about 35,(XK) souls. The constitution 

 is a granted one, viz. given by the king, not a com- 

 pact between two parties, the people and the ruler. 

 It promises liberty and equal rights to all religions, 

 and also freedom of the press, which, however, can 

 scarcely be called truly free. Bond-service is abo- 

 lished. The king appoints the president of the re- 

 presentatives. 



BAVIUS, Marcus, and MJEVIUS; still notorious as 

 two miserable poets and presumptuous critics, sati- 

 rized by Virgil. 



BAXTER, Andrew ; an ingenious philosopher and 

 metaphysician. He was a native of Aberdeen, and 

 was educated at King's college in that city ; after 

 which he was employed as a private tutor. About 

 1730, he published an Inquiry into the Nature of the 

 Human Soul ; wherein the Immateriality of the Soul 

 is evinced from the Principles of Reason and Philo- 

 sophy. This work was applauded by Warburton, 

 and obtained for the author a high reputation ; 

 though his arguments, which are founded on the 

 vit inertue of matter, have since been controverted 

 by Hume and Colin Maclaurin. In 1741, he went 

 abroad with one of his pupils, and remained for some 

 years at Utrecht, where he contracted an acquain- 

 tance with some of the Dutch literati. He returned 

 to Scotland in 1747, and resided at Whittingham, in 

 East Lothian, where he died in 1750, aged sixty- 

 three. He was the author of a Latin treatise, en- 

 titled Matho sive Cosmotheoria puerilis Dialogus, 

 which he afterwards translated into English, and 

 published in 2 vols. 12mo. 



BAXTER, Richard, the most eminent of the English 

 nonconfonning divines of the 17th century, was born 

 in the village of Rowton, in Shropshire, in 1615. 

 The example of his father, who was accused of 

 puritanism, gave him a serious turn very early in 

 life. After receiving his education, he was sent to 

 London, under the patronage of Sir Henry Herbert, 

 master of the revels ; but he soon returned into the 

 country with a view to study divinity, and, in 1638, 

 roceived ordination in the church of England. The 



imposition of the oath of universal approbation of thf 

 doctrine and discipline of I lie church of England, 

 usually termed the et catera out/i, detached him and 

 many others from the establishment. When the civil 

 war broke out, he sided with the parliament, and, 

 after the battle of Naseby, accepted the appointment 

 of chaplain to colonel Whallcy's regiment, lie is 

 said to have been, the whole of this time, a friend to 

 the establishment, according to his own notions, and 

 to have repressed sectaries as much as he was able, 

 In 1647, he retired, in consequence of ill health., 

 from his military chaplainship, and, when he re- 

 covered, opposed the measures of those in power, 

 and preached urgently against the covenant. He 

 even endeavoured to persuade the soldiery not 

 to encounter the Scottish troops who came into 

 the kingdom with Charles II., and hesitated not to 

 express an open dislike to the usurpation of Crom- 

 well, whom he told, in a conference very character- 

 istic of both parties, that the people of England 

 deemed the ancient monarchy a blessing. The fact 

 is, that B., with many more zealous religious parti- 

 sans, held civil liberty to be of secondary consequence 

 to what he esteemed true religion, and appears, from 

 the tenor of a sermon which he preached before 

 Cromwell, to have deemed the toleration of separa- 

 tists and sectaries the grand evil of his government. 

 After the restoration, he was made one of the king's 

 chaplains, and a commissioner of the Savoy confe- 

 rence, to draw up the reformed liturgy. The active 

 persecution of the Nonconformists soon followed; 

 and, upon the passing of the act against conventicles, 

 he retired, and preached more or less openly, as tin- 

 act was more or less rigidly enforced. After the 

 accession of James 11., in 1685, he was arrested for 

 some passages in his Commentary on the New Testa- 

 ment, supposed hostile to episcopacy, and was tried 

 for sedition. The violence of Jefferies, who would 

 neither hear the accused nor his counsel, produced u 

 verdict of guilty on the most frivolous grounds. He 

 was sentenced to two years' imprisonment and a 

 heavy penalty, which, after a short confinement, the 

 king remitted, probably with some degree of com- 

 punction for the manner of its infliction. Hencefor- 

 ward, B. lived in a retired manner till his death, in 

 1691. His wife cheerfully shared all his sufferings 

 on the score of conscience, both in and out of prison. 

 The character of B. was formed by his age ; his fail- 

 ing was subtile and controversial theology ; his ex- 

 cellence, practical piety. In divinity, he sought to 

 establish a resting-place between strict Calvinism 

 and high-church Arminianism, by the admission of 

 election, and the rejection of reprobation. Christ, 

 he considered, died for some especially, and for all 

 generally; that is to say, all possess the means of 

 salvation. A body called TtasiXeriaus long acknow- 

 ledged these distinctions, and the nonconformist 

 clergy, after the revolution, were divided between 

 this oody, the pure Calvinists, and the high-church 

 passive-obedient Arminians. B. was a voluminous 

 writer : his Saints' Everlasting Rest, and the Call to 

 the Unconverted, have been extraordinarily popular. 

 BAYADEER, in the East Indies ; young girls, from 

 ten to seventeen years of age, who are instructed in 

 dancing, singing, and acting little plays. They are 

 under the care of matrons, who are experienced in 

 all female arts, and particularly in that of pleasing. 

 These select from the lowest classes of the people 

 the most teautiful girls, of seven or eight years of 

 age, secure them, by inoculation, from the disfiguring 

 consequences of the small-pox, and instruct them in 

 all the arts of their profession, the object of which is 

 to amuse the rich, and minister to their passions. 

 Their presence is considered necessary, even at the 

 smallest entertainments. If any of the spectators 





