BERLICHINGEN BERLIN. 



509 



gerford,and passing Newbury, flows into the Thames 

 at Reading. The Lambourn rises near that town, and 

 falls into the Rennet below Newbury. The Ock 

 rises in the vale of VVhitehorse, and falls into the 

 Thames near Abingdon, as does the Lodden near 

 Wargrave. Besides the magnificent castle of Wind- 

 sor, and other royal residences in that vicinity, the 

 county contains nearly 150 seats of noblemen and 

 gentry. There are but few manufactories carried on 

 in this county, the principal being those of woolens, 

 paper, and sail-cloth. Malt is made in great quan- 

 tities, and chiefly sent to London. Many of the pea- 

 santry in some parts of the county derive employment 

 from digging peat for fuel, the ashes from which 

 form excellent manure. The principal towns of B. 

 are Reading, Newbury, Thatcham,Wopingham, Wal- 

 lingford, Windsor, Abingdon, Wantage, and Farring- 

 don. Population of the county in 1831, 145,289. 



BERLICHIXUEX, Gotz, or Godfrey, von, with the iron 

 hand ; born at Jaxthausen, in Suabia ; a bold, rest- 

 less, warlike, and honourable German knight, of the 

 middle ages. He placed himself at the head of the 

 rebellious peasants, in the war which they waged 

 against their oppressors (see Peasant fVar, in Ger- 

 many), but was soon made prisoner. Before that 

 time, he had lost his right hand, and, therefore, wore 

 one made of iron. He died July 23, 1562. His 

 biography, written by himself, was printed as Nurem- 

 berg, in 1731 and 1775, and, for the third time, at 

 Breslau, in 1813. This book contains an excellent 

 picture of the social life and customs of the middle 

 ages, and has furnished Goethe with the subject for 

 his beautiful drama, Goetz von JBerlichingen, a drama 

 which Sir Walter Scott translated. 



BERLIN ; one of the largest and handsomest cities 

 of Europe ; the capital ot the Prussian dominions ; 

 principal residence of the king, and seat of the high- 

 est councils of the kingdom ; is situated in the pro- 

 vince of Brandenburg, on the Spree, 127 feet above 

 the level of the sea ; Ion. 13 22' E. ; lat. 52 31' N. 

 It is about twelve miles in circumference, and con- 

 sists of five towns Berlin Proper, Koln, or Cologne, 

 on the Spree, Friedrichswerder, Neu- or Dorotheen- 

 stadtand Friedrichsstadt ; and five suburbs Louis- 

 enstadt, the King's suburb, those of Spandau and 

 Stralau, and, outside of the walls, Oranienburg sub- 

 urb. B. has twenty-two squares and market-places, 

 fifteen gates, twenty-seven parish churches, thirty- 

 seven bridges, &c. In the year 1817, there were 

 7133 houses, including the churches. The other 

 public buildings (174), the manufactories (61), the 

 stables and barns (483). At the close of the year 

 1825, B. contained (the military included) 220,000 

 inhabitants, among whom were about 3700 Jews, 

 4000 Catholics, and more than 10,000 Calvinists. 



1. Berlin Proper, consisting of thirty-nine streets, 

 was built in 1 163, by margrave Albert the Bear. It re- 

 ceived its name from the wildness of the country, and 

 was settled by emigrants from Holland. It contains 

 the royal post-office, the town-house, the general 

 military academy, the academy for cadets, the royal 

 school of the grey convent, that of Joachimsthal, the 

 Lutheran parish church of St Nicholas (the oldest 

 church inB.), the Frederic orphan asylum (established 

 in 1818, for 1009 orphans), with a church, and a royal 

 institution for vaccination (where, since 1802, 25,332 

 children, besides adults, have been vaccinated gra- 

 tuitously), the synagogue of the Jews, the new mar- 

 ket, and many other public buildings. The suburbs 

 of B., taking the name in its most limited sense, are, 

 the King's suburb (Konigsvorstadt), containing the 

 new theatre, where the famous Mile. Sontag per- 

 formed before she went to Paris ; the suburb of 

 Spandau, where are the royal palace Monbijou, the 

 veterinary college, the great hospital La Charite, 



with which a clinical institution is connected (num- 

 bering, in 1816, 5144 patients, among whom were 

 419 with mental disorders), the new royal mint, c., 

 and, finally, Stralau. Outside of the walls, the Ros- 

 enthal-suburb, or Neuvoigtland, is situated. Before 

 the Oranienburg gate are the iron foundery, where 

 cast-iron ware ofevery description is made; the 

 royal hospital of invalids, which receives upwards of 

 1000 inmates, officers, soldiers, women, 'and chil- 

 dren. 



2. Koln, or Cologne, on the Spree, which received 

 this name when it was built from the Kollnen (piles), 

 on which the Vandals (Wenden), driven out by Al- 

 bert the Bear, had built their huts in the midst of 

 bogs and morasses, contains twenty-five streets, en- 

 closed by two branches of the Spree ; a bridge 100 

 feet long, of stone, resting upon five arches, and 

 adorned with a colossal equestrian statue of the great 

 elector Frederic William, in bronze, planned by 

 Schluter, and cast by Jacob! ; the royal palace, 460 

 feet in length, 276 in breadth, and 10l in height, 

 containing the gallery of paintings, the cabinet of 

 artificial and natural curiosities, the collection of me- 

 dals, &c. ; the museum of art, a most magnificent 

 building, newly erected by Schinkel ; the royal rid- 

 ing academy. A part of Koln is called Neu-Koln, 

 and consists of four streets, built along the Spree. 



3. Friedric/iswerder, including nineteen streets, 

 was founded by the elector Frederic William the 

 Great. Here are situated the palace, inhabited by 

 the present king, originally intended for the crown 

 prince ; the splendid arsenal, in the yard of which 

 the 365 famous heads of dying warriors, in relief, by 

 Scliluter, serve as key-stones in the arches of the 

 windows ; the royal foundry ; the new guard-house, 

 built by Schinkel, near which are the statues of 

 Scharnhorst and Bulow, by Rauch, and three pieces 

 of ordnance of the largest caliber, two of which were 

 taken from the French ; opposite to it stands the co- 

 lossal statue of Blucher, in bronze, a work of Rauch. 



4. Neu- or Dorotheenstadt, likewise built by the 

 elector Frederic William the Great, and named after 

 his second wife, has but five regular streets, among 

 which is the stately street " beneath the limes," 2088 

 feet in length, and 170 in breadth, affording the most 

 beautiful walk in the city, and a part of Frederic 

 street, which is 4250 paces in length. The principal 

 buildings in this quarter are, the university edifice ; 

 the Catholic church, built on the plan of the Pantheon 

 in Rome ; the fine opera-house ; the royal library, 

 the style of which is bad ; the academy building, 

 destined for a museum, with an observatory whose 

 platform rises 84 feet from the pavement of the 

 street ; the great singing academy, erected by Schin- 

 kel, and devoted only to church music ; the Paris 

 place, &c. The Brandenburg gate, which is 195 

 feet in width, was built in 1789, by Langhans, in 

 imitation of the Propylaeum at Athens, but on a much 

 larger scale. Above it is the famous Victoria, in a 

 quadriga, which was carried away by the French, in 

 1807, and, in 1814, brought back from Paris by the 

 Prussians : before it lies the park, 800 acres in ex- 

 tent, containing, besides various walks, the royal 

 palace, Bellevue, and several country-seats, belong- 

 ing to wealthy individuals. 



5. Friedrichsstadt, founded, in 1688, by the elec- 

 tor Frederic III. (king Frederic I.), surpasses the 

 four other divisions of the city in extent, and consists 

 of twenty-three wide streets, among which the above- 

 mentioned Frederic- street is distinguished. Worthy 

 of notice are, the Gendarmes market ; also William- 

 place, a quadrangle 190 paces in length and 90 in 

 breadth, containing the marble statues of the gen- 

 nerals Schwerin, Winterfield, Seydlitz, Keith, and 

 Ziethen, who, in the grotesque taste of the last cen- 



