518 



BERVIC BERWICKSHIRE. 



AmulQa profane, e sacrc, Venice, 1739, fol. Some 

 jfhis treatises art- to In- found in the collection of 

 P. Cologera ; others in the memoirs of the Societd 

 ( 'oluiniaria at Florence. 



BKRVIC, Charles t lenient, one of the most dis- 

 tinguished engravers of the Fn nrh school, was !x>rn 

 at Paris in 1756, studied his art under (ienr^r 

 Wille, and may lie considered his most eminent 

 pupil. 'I lie works of U. are among the best of the 

 French school, but are not numerous. The most 

 celebrated of them is the full length figure of Louis 

 XVI., after a picture of < 'allot. The copies are very 

 rare and dear, because the plate was broken to pieces 

 in the revolutionary tumults of 1793. The exactness 

 of his drawing, the firmness and brilliancy of his 

 touch, the purity and correctness of his design, and 

 the happiness with which he transferred to his plate 

 the beauties of the original, gave a high character 

 to his productions. He died in 1822. 



HKKUI K, James Fitz-Jaraes, duke of, commanded 

 the armies of England, France, and Spain, was a 

 peer of England and France, as well as a grandee of 

 Spain, and was knighted by the sovereign of each of 

 these countries. He was the natural son of the duke 

 of York, afterwards king James II., and Arabella 

 Churchill, sister of the duke of Marlborough ; was 

 born at Moulins in the Bourbonnois, in 1670, and 

 first went by the name of Fitz-James. He received 

 his education in France, and served his first campaigns 

 in Hungary, under Charles duke of Lorraine, general 

 of Leopold I. A short time after, the British re- 

 volution broke out. B. followed his father in the 

 expedition against Ireland, and was wounded in a 

 battle in 1689. He afterwards served tinder Luxem- 

 burg, in Flanders ; in 1702 and 1703, under the duke 

 of Burgundy ; then under marshal Villeroi ; and was 

 naturalized in France. In 1706, he was made mar- 

 shal of France, and was sent to Spain, where he 

 gained the battle of Almanza, which rendered king 

 Philip V. again master of Valencia. In 1718 and 

 1719, however, he was obliged to serve against 

 Philip V., who, from gratitude to the marshal, had 

 taken a sou of his into his service. On his entrance 

 into the Spanish dominions, he wrote to his son, the 

 duke of Liria, admonishing him to do his duty to his 

 sovereign. At the siege of Philipsburg, in 1734, his 

 life was terminated by a cannon-ball. His memoirs 

 were published originally in French, and have gone 

 through two or three editions in English. 



BERWICK, NORTH ; a royal burgh and sea-port in 

 Haddiugtonshire. It is built on a sandy plain, and 

 consists only of one street of no great extent, one- 

 half of which is without the royalty. It is a very 

 ancient burgh, but its charter having been lost, it 

 obtained another from James VI., under which it is 

 governed by two bailies, a treasurer, and nine coun- 

 sellors. The harbour is small, but of easy access, 

 and it was not many years ago repaired at a very 

 considerable expense. Being situated near the en- 

 trance of the firth of Forth, it liad formerly a con- 

 siderable trade, but it now employs only a few fishing 

 smacks and vessels for the exportation of grain. 

 The parish extends along the coast about three miles, 

 and nearly the whole is arable land and highly culti- 

 vated. The ancient castle of Tantallon, formerly 

 one of the strong holds of the Douglas family, stands 

 about three miles east of the town, surrounded on 

 three sides by the sea, and on the east by a deep 

 fosse with a drawbridge. It was destroyed by the 

 Covenanters in 1699, and the existing ruins are much 

 admired. Population in 1831, 1824. 



BERWICK-UPON-TWEED (anciently Tuesis) ; a town 

 of England, on the north or Scottish side of the 

 Tweed, within half a mile of its confluence with the 

 German ocean. It is a county of itself, regularly 



fortified with walls, bastions, and ditches ; fifty-four 

 miles S.E. Edinburgh, 335 N.W.London ; Ion. 2 u \V.; 

 lat. 55 47' N. It exports corn, pork, eggs, and sal- 

 mon. The town has been, of late, much improved, 

 and the streets are well paved, li was formerly the 

 chief town in the county of Berwick, and the theatre; 

 of many sanguinary conflicts between the English and 

 Scottish armies. Moth nations considering it a for- 

 tress of great importance, the town and its neigh- 

 bourhood were a constant scene of bloodshed. Atter 

 repeated sieges, it was finally ceded to England in 

 the year 1502; and, by a treaty between Edward 

 VI. and Mary queen of Scotland, it was declared to 

 be a free town, independent of both slates. Upon 

 the death of Elizabeth, in 1608, James VI. of Scot- 

 land was proclaimed at B. king of England, France, 

 and Ireland ; and when that monarch entered into 

 his new dominions, the constituted authorities of the 

 town received him with every demonstration of joy 

 and respect. In return, the king confirmed all their 

 ancient charters, adding many privileges, which stiU 

 remain peculiar to the town and its liberties. The 

 peculiar privileges of B., and the circumstance that 

 it was once independent of England and Scotland, 

 are the occasion why it was formerly the custom to 

 extend the provisions of English statutes to B. by 

 name. The statute 20 Geo. II., c. 42, provides, that, 

 where England only is mentioned in an act of par- 

 liament, the same shall be deemed to comprehend 

 the dominion of Wales and the town of B. Berwick 

 possesses a few manufactories of linen, damask, cot- 

 ton, muslin, stockings, carpeting, and sail-cloth, but 

 not any which are very extensive. The harbour is 

 inconvenient, admitting ships of small burden only 

 across the bar, neither is there safe riding in the. 

 offing. Berwick is a garrison town, with a regular 

 governor, whose appointment is a military sinecure. 

 The ruins of the castle, which occupy an eminence 

 on the north bank of the Tweed, are peculiarly 

 venerable. There were no less than ten religious 

 houses in this town before the Reformation. Popula- 

 tion in 1831, 8920. 



BERWICKSHIRE ; a maritime county of Scotland, 

 bounded on the east by the German ocean ; on the 

 north by East Lothian ; on the west by the counties 

 of Roxburgh, Peebles, and East Lothian ; and on 

 the south by the river Tweed and the English bor- 

 ders. It is nominally divided into the three districts 

 of Lauderdale, Lammermuir, and the Merse, or 

 March ; the first of which divisions is the opening or 

 valley in the Lammermuir hills, through which flows 

 the river Leader. Lammermuir comprehends the 

 ridge of hills which divides the county from East 

 Lothian ; and the Merse or March includes the fer- 

 tile and populous plain extending from the same hills 

 along the banks of the Tweed. The latter district 

 is remarkable for the goodness of the soil, and the 

 excellent system of cultivation, for which the whole 

 county is also celebrated. It contains Lauder, a 

 royal burgh, and the towns or populous villages of 

 Dunse, Coldstream, Coldingham, Ayton, Chirnside, 

 Erlsham, Eccles, Edrom, Eyemouth, Greenlaw (now 

 the county town), Hutton, and Swinton. The prin- 

 cipal rivers are the Tweed, the Leader, the Eye, the 

 Whiteadder, and Blackadder ; and all, except the 

 last, contain salmon, of which great quantities are 

 shipped from Berwick for London. The minerals 

 hitherto discovered in this county are few, and by no 

 means valuable. They consist chiefly of copper, 

 coal, and ironstone, but of each very sparingly. 

 There is, however, plenty of free-stone, and also of 

 marl, to which agriculturists in this quarter prefer 

 lime-stone, though brought from a considerable dis- 

 tance. The celebrated mineral water, called Dunse 

 Spa, similar to tha. of Tunbridge, is situated about a 



