BOISSEREE BOLEYN. 



589 



hands of the Dutch in 1629. Sept. 14, 1794, the 

 French defeated the English here ; Oct. 9, of the 

 same year, it surrendered to Pichegru. In January, 

 1814, it was taken by the Prussian general Bulow. 



BOISSEREE. A celebrated gallery of pictures, is 

 exhibited in Stuttgart, which was collected by the 

 brothers Sulpice and Melchior Boisseree, and John 

 Bertram, men who, animated by love of the arts, be- 

 gan, at the time of the destruction of the monaster- 

 ies, during and after the French revolution, to pur- 

 chase old pictures, and afterwards completed their 

 collection by the addition of many valuable paintings 

 of the old German school. By this collection, the 

 brothers Boisseree, and Bertram, have happily rea- 

 lized the idea of an historical series of old German 

 paintings. It is to their endeavours that we owe the 

 discovery, that Germany possessed, as early as the 

 13th century, a school of painters of much merit, 

 which, like the Italian, proceeded from the old By- 

 zantine school, but became, in the sequel, distinguish- 

 ed by excellences of its own. We owe to these col- 

 lectors, also, the restoration to favour of the forgotten 

 Low German masters, and a just estimation of John 

 von Eyck, as the creator of the genuine German 

 style of painting. By this collection, the names of 

 von Eyck, Wilhelm von Koln, Hemling, Goes, Mec- 

 kenem, Wohlgemuth, Schoen, Mabuse, Schoorel, and 

 many others, have attained deserved honour. The 

 most distinguished connoisseurs and artists, including 

 Goethe, Canova, Dannecker, and Thorwaldsen, have 

 strongly expressed their admiration of this collection. 

 The proprietors have published a work consisting of 

 excellent lithographic prints from their pictures. In 

 the autumn of 1820, the publication of the splendid 

 engravings, illustrative of the cathedral in Cologne, 

 was resolved on. The plates surpass, in size and 

 execution, every thing which had appeared in the de- 

 partment of architectural delineations, and were 

 partly made in Paris. (See Boisseree's Geschichte und 

 Beschreibung des Doms von Koln, Stuttgart, 1823.) 



BOISSONAPE, Jean Frangois, born at Paris, 1774, one 

 of the most distinguished Greek scholars in France, 

 was made assistant professor of the Greek language 

 in the university of Paris, in 1809; and, in "1812, 

 after the death of Larcher, whom he succeeded in the 

 institute, principal professor. The king made him a 

 member of the legion of honour in 1814, and in 

 1816, member of the academy of inscriptions. Be- 

 sides valuable contributions to the Journal des De- 

 buts, to the Mercure, to the Magazin EncyclopH- 

 di'/ite, to the Biographic Vniverselle, and to the 

 Notices et Extraits (ten vols.), we are indebted to 

 him for an edition of the Heroica of Philostratus 

 (1800), and of the Rhetoric of Tiberius (1815). Still 

 more important are his editions of Eunapius' Lives 

 of the Sophists, of Proclus' Commentary on the 

 Cratylus of Plato, never before printed ; of a Greek 

 romance by Nicetas Eugenianus, &c. He compiled, 

 also, a French dictionary, on the plan of Johnson's. 



BOJACA, BATTLE OF, so called, from having been 

 Fought near the bridge of the small town of Bojaca, 

 not far from the city of Tunja, between the Spaniards, 

 under Barreyro, and the united forces of Venezuela 

 and New Grenada, commanded by Bolivar. It oc- 

 tirrcd August 7th, 1819, and was decisive of the in- 

 dependence of New Grenada. Among the republi- 

 c.ins, generals Anzuategui, Paez, and Santander 

 distinguished themselves ; and the Spaniards sus- 

 tained a total defeat, their general, most of their 

 officers and men who survived the battle, together 

 with all their arms, ammunition, and equipments, fall- 

 ing into the hands of Bolivar. So complete was the 

 destruction of the Spanish army, that the viceroy in- 

 stantly fled from Santa Fe, leaving even the public 

 treasure a prey to the conquerors. 



BOLE; a fossil of a yellow, brown, or red colour, 

 often marked with black dendrites ; found in differ- 

 ent parts of Bohemia, Silesia, and Stiria, also in 

 Lemnos, and at Sienna in Italy. It is made into 

 pipes for smoking, and vessels for cooling water in 

 hot weather. The terra sigillata is nothing but bole. 



BOLEYN, or BOLEN, Anne, second wife of Henry 

 VIII. of England, was the youngest child of Sir 

 Thomas Boleyn and a daughter of the duke of Nor 

 folk. She was born, according to some accounts, in 

 1507, but, according to other more probable ones, in 

 1499 or 1500. She attended Mary, sister of Henry, 

 on her marriage with Louis XII., to France, as lady 

 of honour. On the return of that princess, after the 

 king's death, she entered the service ofameen Cla 

 wife of Francis L, and, after her deBttnBbat of te 

 duchess of Alengon, sister of the Ft^ch king. 

 Young, beautiful, gay, and witty, she wasjjn object 

 of great attraction in the gallant court of Francis I. 

 She returned to England about 1525 or 1527, and 

 became lady of honour to the queen, whom she soon 

 supplanted. The king, passionately enamoured of 

 her, found an unexpected opposition to his wishes, 

 and Anne firmly declared that she could be had on no 

 terms but those of marriage. She knew that the king 

 already meditated a divorce from his wife, Catharine 

 of Arragon ; but she also knew what difficulties the 

 Catholic religion opposed to the execution of this 

 plan. Cranmer offered his services to bring about 

 the accomplishment of the king's wishes, and thus 

 gave the first occasion to the separation of England 

 from the Roman church. But the impetuous Henry 

 did not wait for the ministers of his new religion to 

 confirm his divorce: on the contrary, he privately 

 married Anne, Nov. 14, 1532, having previously 

 created her marchioness of Pembroke. When her 

 pregnancy revealed the secret, Cranmer declared the 

 first marriage void, and the second valid, and Anne 

 was crowned queen at Westminster, with unparal- 

 leled splendour. In 1533, she became the mo- 

 ther of the famous Elizabeth. She could not, how- 

 ever, retain the affections of the king, as inconstant 

 as he was tyrannical ; and as she had supplanted her 

 queen, while lady of honour to Catharine, she was 

 now supplanted herself by Jane Seymour, her own 

 lady of honour. Suspicions of infidelity were added 

 to the disgust of Henry, which seem to be not entirely 

 unfounded, although the judicial process instituted 

 against her was wholly irregular. In 1535, she was 

 imprisoned, accused, and brought before a jury of 

 peers. Smeaton, a musician, who was arrested with 

 others, confessed that he had enjoyed the queen's 

 favours, and, May 17, 1536, she was condemned to 

 death by twenty-six judges. Anne in vain affirmed 

 that she had long before been contracted to the duke 

 of Northumberland, and, therefore, had never been 

 the lawful wife of Henry. Cranmer in vain declared 

 the marriage void. The sentence of death was exe- 

 cuted by the command of the inflexible Henry, who 

 esteemed it a great exercise of clemency to substitute 

 the scaffold for the stake. The last day of the life 

 of this unhappy woman, May 19, 1536, presents 

 many interesting moments. She sent for the wife of 

 the lieutenant or the tower, threw herself upon her 

 knees before her, and said, " Go to the princess 

 Mary (daughter of Catharine) in my name, and, in 

 this position, beg her forgiveness for all the suffer- 

 ings I have drawn upon her and her mother." " She 

 sent her last message to the king," says Hume, "and 

 acknowledged the obligations which she owed him 

 in uniformly continuing his endeavours for her ad- 

 vancement." " From a private gentlewoman, you 

 have made me, first, a marchioness, then a queen; 

 and, as you can raise me no higher in this world, 

 you are now sending me to be a saint in heaven. " 



