BOLIVIA -BOLOGNA. 



obstacle now remained to prevent the orgnniantion of 

 mi independent government. A congress assembled 

 at rimniii^u-.i. in August, 1825, and resolved to es- 

 tablish a separate republic, independent Imtli of 

 Lower Peru and of Buenos Ayres, to be named H- 

 liria, in honour of the liberator Bolivar. Among 

 other testimonials of their gratitude towards him, tliey 

 requested him to prepare tlie dr.ift of a constitution 

 for the republic, lodging the authority of president, 

 meanwhile, in the hands of Sucre. Holivar accord- 

 ingly prepared the project of a constitution, which he 

 presented to them May 25, 1826, accompanied by an 

 address, containing his general views upon the sub- 

 ject of government. Hy this code, the powers of 

 government are distributed into four sections the 

 ral. legislative, executive, and judicial. The 

 electoral lx ly is composed of persons chosen, for a 

 period of four years, by tlie citizens at large, -at the 

 rate of one elector for every hundred citizens. The 

 legislative power resides in three chambers, the first 

 of tribunes, the next of senators, and the highest of 

 censors. The tribunes are to be chosen for a period 

 of four years, half of tlie chamber being renewed 

 every second year ; and the senators for eight years, 

 half of their body being renewed every fourth jear. 

 Between these two bodies, the ordinary duties of 

 legislation are apportioned in a manner peculiarly 

 artificial and inconvenient, together with various 

 other functions of a judicial and executive character. 

 The censors are for life, and their business is to watch 

 over the government, to accuse the executive before 

 tlie senate, to regulate the press, education, and the 

 arts and sciences, to grant rewards for public services, 

 and to denounce the enemies of the state. The exe- 

 cutive power resides in a president for life, a vice- 

 president, and four secretaries. The president com- 

 mands all the military and naval forces, and exercises 

 the whole patronage of the government, nominating 

 all the civil and military servants of the state, officers 

 of the army, navy and treasury, foreign ministers, and 

 the vice-president, who is to be his successor : he is, 

 moreover, without any responsibility for the acts of 

 his administration. The judicial power is regulated 

 so as to secure the due administration of Justice ; and 

 tlie private rights of individuals are carefully protect- 

 ed by suitable guarantees. This form of constitution, 

 it is evident, would give the executive such prepon- 

 derating power, tliat all the measures of government 

 would, in fact, be subject to his will, and he would 

 be, to all intents and purposes, the elective prince of 

 a monarchy, limited in theory, but absolute in opera- 

 tion. This code was presented to the constituent 

 congress of Bolivia, which assembled at Chuquisaca, 

 in -May, 1826, and by that body adopted as the con- 

 stitution of the republic. The 9th of December, the 

 anniversary of the battle of Ayacucho, being fixed 

 upon as the period when it should be carried into 

 effect, Sucre resigned his discretionary authority into 

 the hands of congress, and solicited them to appoint 

 a native of the country to be his successor. But they 

 resolved that he should retain the executive power 

 until the election of a constitutional president should 

 take place. Sucre consented to continue in office un- 

 til that time ; requiring, however, that the electoral 

 colleges should present a candidate for the high of- 

 fice of president, previous to the assembling of the 

 constitutional legislature. This resulted in the elec- 

 tion of Sucre as president for life under the constitu- 

 tion. Whether the choice was entirely a free one or 

 not is yet uncertain. A large body of Colombian 

 troops remained in Upper Peru, under circumstances 

 analogous to the situation of other troops of the same 

 nation in Lower Peru, and, of course, affording like 

 reason to presume that military influence may have 

 affected the election. 



The geographical position of 13. being mostly in- 

 land, its political condition is less accuriuely known 

 Uian that of the neighbouring countries, and less an 

 object of general interest. In the natural pi-. 

 of things, it would seem likely to be reunited to 

 Lower Peru, from which it was arbitrarily severed by 

 the Spanish government. But hitherto the en: 

 of the Rio de la Plata has refused to recognise its 

 [dependence, insisting that the limits of -their repub- 

 lic shall be coextensive, with the ancient boundaries 

 of the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, and, of course, 

 claiming the provinces of Upper Peru by the same 

 title under which they lay claim to Paraguay and the 

 Banda Oriental. But it is not probable, in an) e\ent 

 that can be reasonably anticipated, that Bolivia will 

 again be joined to Buenos Ayres. (Const, of Bolivia ; 

 Amer. An. Reg. vols. 1 and 2.) 



BOLLANMSTS ; a society of Jesuits in Antwerp, 

 which has published, under the title Ada Sancto- 

 rum, the well-known collection of the traditions of 

 the saints of the Roman Catholic church. They 

 received this name from John Bolland, who first un- 

 dertook to digest the materials already accumulated 

 by Heribert Roswey. 



BOLOGNA (Bononia Felsinia) ; one of the oldest, 

 largest, and richest cities of Italy, with colonnades 

 along the sides of the streets for foot-passengers. 

 It is called la grassa (the fat) ; lies at the foot of 

 the Apennines, between the rivers Reno and Save- 

 na, and contains 65,300 inhabitants and 8000 houses, 

 with manufactories of cordage, soap, paper, artifi- 

 cial flowers, and arms. B. is the capital of the 

 papal delegation of the same name ; the secular 

 concerns or which are administered by a cardinal le- 

 gate, who resides here ; whilst the archbishop directs 

 in spiritual affairs. A gonfaloniere, chosen every two 

 months, with fifty senators and eight elders from tlie 

 citizens, form a republican government, which has 

 almost the whole management of the afiairs of the 

 city. The people of B. voluntarily submitted to the 

 papal see in 1513, being tired of the party struggles 

 among the nobles, by which the strength of the state 

 was exhausted. B. has an ambassador in Rome, 

 whose duty it is to maintain tlie limitations of the 

 papal authority, according to the constitution, and 

 who, after every new election of a pope, presents 

 complaints of the encroachments of his predecessor. 

 The city chooses, also, one of the judges composing 

 the high court of appeals at Rome. Her armorial 

 bearings are even now surrounded by the charmed 

 word Libertas. The pope, by the constitution, can 

 exact no other tax than the excise on wine. During 

 three centuries, the papal government endeavoured 

 to introduce in B. the excise on corn (annona), but 

 could not succeed. The rich nobility of the papal 

 states live in B., and are on bad terms with the head 

 of the church. 



This city is also the residence of the oldBoIognese 

 patrician families, who have given many popes to the 

 church. The most liberal men in the papal domin- 

 ions are to be found among the learned of this city. 

 In 1816, the nobility, scholars, and citizens, founded 

 a Socratic society for the promotion of social happi- 

 ness, which was, however, suspected of Carbonarism. 

 B. was long renowned for its university, founded, 

 according to tradition, by Theodosius the younger, in 

 -!?.>, which, in the centuries of barbarism, spread the 

 light of knowledge over all Europe. It once had 

 10,000 students, but the number at present is only 

 300. Here the famous Irnerins taught the civil law 

 in the eleventh century; and men like Bulgerus, 

 Martin us, Jacobus, and Hugo, attracted pupils from 

 every quarter. The university formerly possessed so 

 much influence, that even the coins of the city bore 

 its motto, Bononia docct. Tlie Jaw school enjoyed 



