BONAPARTE. 



England, Oct. 1. Peace with Russia, 8 ; with Tur- 

 key, U ; with Algiers, Dec. 17. 



1802. Bonaparte named president of the Italian republic, 

 Jan. 26. Peace of Amiens, March 25. Proclamation 

 of amnesty to emigrants. The term of Bonaparte's 

 consulship prolonged ten years, May 1. Creation of 

 the legion of honour, 19. Bonaparte declared consul 

 for life, Aug. 2. 



1803. Creation of senatorships, Jan. 4. New organization 

 of the institute. Assumes the title of grand mediator 

 of the Helvetic republic. Sale of Louisiana to the 

 United States, April 30. Renewal of hostilities with 

 England, May 20. 



1804. Arrest of Pichepru, Feb. 28. Death of the duke 

 d'Enghien, March 21. The senate confers on Napo- 

 leon the title of emperor of the French, May 18. 



1805. The emperor accepts the crown of Italy, March 18. 

 Treaty of Presburg, between England and Russia, 

 April 11. Austria ioins the coalition, Aug. 9. Battle 

 of Elchingen, Oct. 14 ; of Trafalgar, 21 ; of Austerlitz, 

 Dec. 2. Peace of Presburg, between France and 

 Austria. 



1806. Formation of the kingdoms of Bavaria and Wurtem- 

 berg, Jan. 1. Joseph Bonaparte proclaimed king of 

 the two Sicilies, March 30. Prussia is allowed to 

 occ<ipy Hanover. Louis Bonaparte proclaimed king 

 of Holland. June 5. Napoleon declared protector of 

 the confederation of the Rhine, July 12. Rupture 

 with Prussia, Oct. 6. Battle of Jena, 14. Capture 

 of Berlin, 25. Occupation of Hanover. Capture of 

 Posen, Hamburg, Bremen, Warsaw, Thorn, &c., Oct. 

 28 to Dec. 0. Berlin decree declares the British isles 

 in a state of blockade, Nov. 21. 



1807. Battle of Eylau, Feb. 8 ; of Friedland, June 14. 

 Peace of Tilsit, with Russia and Prussia, July 7. 

 Erection of the kingdom of Westphalia, Aug. 8. The 

 British bombard Copenhagen. Alliance between 

 France and Denmark. Treaty between France and 

 Spain. Russia breaks off all communication with 

 Britain, Oct. 31. Treaty between Holland and 

 France. British order in council of November 11, 

 in retaliation for the Berlin decree. Capture of Lis- 

 bon by Junot. Prussia interdicts all intercourse with 

 Britain, Dec. 1. Jerome Bonaparte placed on the 

 throne of Westphalia. Milan decree, Dec. 17. 



1808. French troops occupy Rome, Feb. 2; overrun Spain. 

 Creation of majorats and hereditary, titles of prince, 

 duke, count, baron, and chevalier, March 11. Treaty 

 of Bayonne, May 5. ' Joseph, Bonaparte proclaimed 

 king of Spain, June 6. The French troops evacuate 

 Portugal, Aug. 30. The British enter Spain, Oct. 

 29. War of the peninsula. Napoleon arrives in 

 Spain, Nov. 4. Capture of Madrid, Dec. 4. 



1809. Capture of Saragossa, Feb. 21 ; of Oporto, March 29. 

 Austria renews hostilities, April 9. Napoleon leaves 

 Paris, 13. Battle of Eckmuhl, 22. Napoleon enters 

 Vienna, May 13. Battle of Esslingen, 20 22. Na- 

 poleon excommunicated. Battle of Wagram, July 5. 

 Peace of Vienna with Austria, Oct. 14. Battle of 

 Talavera, July 28. Divorce of Josephine, Dec. 16. 



1810. Sweden accedes to the continental system, Jan. 6. 

 Marriage of Napoleon with Maria Louisa, March 11. 

 Holland incorporated with France. Capture of Ciu- 

 dad Rodrigo. Battle of Busaco. Institution of the 

 privdtal courts. 



1811. Capture of Oporto and Olivenza, Jan. 22; and Bada- 

 joz, March 10, by the French. Birth of the king of 

 Rome, March 20. Battle of Fuentes de Onoro, May 

 46 ; of Saguntum, Oct. 20. 



1812. Capture of Ciudad Rodrigo, by Wellington, Jan. 19 ; 

 of Badajoz, April 7. Battle of Tarragona, June 12. 

 Treaty between Prussia and France, Feb. 24; of 

 alliance, between France and Austria, March 14; 

 between Russia and Sweden, 24, to which Britain 

 accedes, May 3. Declaration of war against Russia, 

 June 22. Battle of Smolensk, Aug. 16 ; of Moskwa, 

 Sept. 7. Capture of Moscow, 14. Evacuation of Mos- 

 cow, Oct. 23. Conspiracy of Mallet. The twenty- 

 ninth bulletin announces the disasters of the grand 

 army, Dec. 3. Napoleon quits the army, 5 



1813. The French army arrives at Berlin, Jan. 21. Al- 

 liance between Russia and Prussia, March 1. Cap- 

 ture of Dresden by the Russians, 21. Napoleon de- 

 clares war against Prussia ; joins the army in Ger- 

 many, April. Battle of Lutzen, May 2 ; of Bautzen, 

 20 ; of Vittoria, June 21. Austria joins the coalition 

 against France, Aug. 12. Battle of Dresden, 26. 

 Treaty of Teplitz, Sept. 9. Tlie British pass the 



Bidassoa, Oct 3. Napoleon arrives at St Cloud, 

 Nov. 13. Passage of the Rhine by the Prussians, 

 Dec. 31. 



Jfil4 Napoleon fixes his head quarters at Chalons, Jan. 26. 

 Battles of Brienne, 29, of Champ-Aubert, Feb. 10, of 

 Montmirail, 11, of Vauchamp, 14, of Naugin, 17, of 

 Montereau, 18, gained by Napoleon. Napoleon re- 

 tires to Fontainebleau, March 30. Capitulation of 

 Paris, 31. The conservative senate declares Napo- 



leon to have forfeited the throne April 2. Abdica. 

 tion of Napoleon, 11. His departure for Elba, 20. 

 Entrance of Louis XVIII. into Paris, May 3. 



1815. Napoleon lands near Cannes, March 1 ; arrives at 

 Paris, 28. Coalition of the four great powers against 

 France, 25. Battle of Waterloo, June 18. Abdica- 

 tion of Napoleon, 22 ; embarks on board of the Bel- 

 lerophon, July 15 ; declared by the allies to be their 

 prisoner ; arrives in St Helena, Oct. 13. 



1821. Death of Napoleon, May 5. T 



BONAPARTE, Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles ; the 

 son of Napoleon and Maria Louisa, was born on the 

 20th March, 1811. Even previously to his birth, he 

 was designated as king of Rome; and a few days 

 after his baptism, he received the homage of the 

 different authorities, whom the countess 01 Montes- 

 quieu, as governess of France, answered in his name. 

 After the fall of Napoleon, he was placed under the 

 care of his grandfather, the emperor of Austria, who 

 at first destined him for the church, but afterwards 

 gave him a military education. By letters patent of 

 July 22, 1818, he was created duke of Reichstadt 

 (Reichstadt is a lordship of Bohemia). He died of 

 consumption, on the 22nd July, 1832. After his 

 death, one of the ministers of the dethroned Charles 

 X. of France (M. de Montbel), who was driven to 

 Vienna for shelter, published a work, entitled Le 

 Dun de Reichstadt, in which we are let into the de- 

 tails of his short career, and made acquainted with 

 his private character. From this work it appears, 

 that the young Napoleon had all the enthusiasm and 

 passion of youth in extreme force, alternating with a 

 distrust, a caution, and a rapidity in fathoming the 

 character and appreciating the talents of the persons 

 with whom he was necessarily brought into contact, 

 which are the usual qualities of age. His intellect 

 chiefly exhibited itself in mastering the history of his 

 father in all its voluminousness, in the soundness and 

 acuteness of his criticism on the several authors he 

 had read, and in the facility with which he acquired 

 the theory of war, and all the studies which conduce 

 to it. From the earliest age he took the deepest in- 

 terest in every thing that partook of military move- 

 ment. It was not, however, thought safe to intrust 

 him abroad till he was nearly grown up ; he felt that 

 his entrance into a regiment was his first step to 

 emancipation, as he called it, and he devoted himself 

 to the practical duties of a soldier and a chief officer 

 with an ardour which quickly devoured the body 

 that had been frittered away by the silent struggles of 

 solitude. The example of prince Eugene was set before 

 him by the Austrian court, as the one they would most 

 desire him to follow. Eugene was neither imperial 

 nor alien, and yet one of their most valuable gene- 

 rals, and in no way a dangerous subject, while he 

 gained glory enough to satisfy the most ambitious of 

 men. These calculations would probably have an- 

 swered, had not the natural been a more complex 

 machine than the political, and as such even beyond 

 the ingenious management of M. de Metternich, 

 The youth was in a moral prison, and his soul pined. 

 It was deemed necessary that he should be cut off 

 from all communication with the agitators and adven- 

 turers of France. To effect this object, he was kept 

 in utter solitude ; surrounded certainly by attendants 

 and instructors, but still, in a social sense, buried in 

 utter solitude. His orders were obeyed, his every 

 wish anticipated ; he had his books, his horses, and 

 his equipages for promenade or the chase ; but for 

 all that the soul or the heart holds dear, he was, with 

 slight exceptions, a solitary prisoner. This might be 

 practicable to some extent with an Austrian arch- 

 duke; but with a child in whose veins the quick 

 blood of the Corsican conqueror flowed, it was a spe- 

 cies of lingering moral torture. To outward appear- 

 ance, he was like Rasselas in the Happy Valley ; 





