BOND BONIFACE. 



617 



subtleties, and greater warmth of religions feeling. 

 Among liis writings are, Kinerarium Mentis in Deum ; 

 Reductio Anium in Theologiam ; Centilojtaum, and 

 Breviloquium. The whole was published 1588 96, 

 at Rome, 7 vols. folio. But many pieces in that col- 

 lection are not genuine. 



BOND, in law, is a deed whereby the party obliges 

 himself, his executors, or administrators (and, if the 

 deed so express it, his heirs also), to pay a certain sum 

 of money to another at a day appointed. If this be 

 all, the bond is called a simple one (simplex obligatio). 

 But there is generally a condition added, that, if the 

 obliger does some particular act, the obligation 

 shall be void, or else shall remain in full force ; as 

 payment of rent, performance of covenants in a deed, 

 or repayment of a principal sum of money borrowed 

 of the obligee, with interest ; which principal sum is 

 usually one- half of the penal sum specified in the 

 bond. In case this condition is not performed, the 

 bond becomes forfeited, or absolute at law, and 

 charges the obliger while living, and, after his 

 death, his personal representatives, and his heirs, if 

 the heirs be named in the bond. In case of a failure 

 to perform the condition of the bond, the obligee can 

 recover only his principal interest and expenses, if 

 the bond were given to secure the payment of money, 

 or if it were given to secure the performance of a co- 

 venant, he can recover only reasonable damages for 

 the breach. 



BONDAGE. See f-'illenage. 



BONE. The bones are the hardest and most solid 

 parts of animals ; they constitute the frame, serve 

 as points of attachment to the muscles, and afford 

 support to the softer solids. They are the instru- 

 ments, as muscles are the organs, of motion. In the 

 mammalia, birds, fish, and reptiles, the whole system 

 of bones united by the vertebral column is called the 

 skeleton. In the foetus, they are first a vascular, ge- 

 latinous substance, in different points of which earthy 

 matter is gradually deposited. This process is per- 

 ceptible towards the end of the second month, 

 and, at the time of maturity, the bone is completely 

 formed. After birth, the bones become gradually 

 more solid, and, in the temperate zones, reach their 

 perfection in men between the ages of fifteen and 

 twenty. From this age till fifty, they change but 

 slightly ; after that period, they grow thinner, lighter, 

 and more brittle. Those of the two first classes of 

 animals are harder on their exterior than they are 

 internally. Their material, except in the teeth, is 

 nearly the same throughout. Their structure is vas- 

 cular, and they are traversed by the blood-vessels 

 and the absorbents. They are hardest at the surface, 

 which is formed by a firm membrane, called the peri- 

 osteum ; the internal parts are cellular, containing a 

 substance called marrow. The use of the marrow is 

 to prevent the too great dryness and brittleness of the 

 bones. 



Chemistry decomposes bone into gelatin, fat, car- 

 tilage, and earthy salts. A fresh bone, boiled in 

 water, or exposed to the action of an acid, gives 

 out its gelatin ; if boiled in water, on cooling the de- 

 coction, a jelly is formed, which makes a good por- 

 table soup. A pound of bone yields twice as much 

 as the same quantity of flesh. The earth of bones is 

 obtained by calcination ; that is, by exposing them to 

 a red heat, by which they are deprived of the soft 

 substances. 



That part of anatomy which treats of the bones is 

 called osteology. 



BONIR, Ulrich, the most ancient German fabulist, 

 was a Dominican friar at Berne, in the first half of 

 the 1 4th century. He lived when the age of min- 

 strelsy and chivalrous poetry was in its decline, and 

 published a collection of fables, under the title 



Der Edelstein (The Gem), which is distinguished by 

 purity of language and picturesque simplicity of de- 

 scription. The first editions of these fables were by 

 Bodmer and Eschenburg. Benecke in Gottingen has 

 published a very good edition more recently, and 

 added a vocabulary (Berlin, 18] 6). 



BONES ET. The herb known by the name of bone- 

 set or thoroughwort (evpatorium perfol&tum) is a very 

 useful annual plant, indigenous to America. It is 

 easily distinguished, in the autumn, in marshy grounds, 

 by its tall stem, four or five feet in height, passing 

 through the middle of a large, double hairy leaf, 

 which is perforated by the stalk, and surmounted by 

 a broad, flat head of light purple flowers. It is much 

 used as a medicine, throughout the country, in tlie form 

 of an infusion of the heads of the flowers, and part of 

 the remainder of the plant, in boiling water, which is 

 allowed to stand a few minutes upon the fire. It is 

 one of the best domestic articles for breaking up and 

 throwing off a violent cold, for which purpose, from 

 a half pint to a pint of the above infusion may be 

 drunk cold, at bed-time, which will b.e found to purge 

 by morning, or it may be taken warm before eating, 

 in the morning, when it will generally operate as an 

 emetic and purgative. Smaller quantities of the in- 

 fusion, taken warm through the day, in bed, and in 

 combination with other medicines, will be found highly 

 serviceable in rheumatism and rheumatic fevers. As 

 a safe and valuable family medicine, it cannot be too 

 highly recommended. 



BONHILI, ; a parish and village in Dumbartonshire, 

 Scotland. The parish is about four miles square, and 

 lies on both sides of the river Leven. The village is 

 on the east side of the river, four miles from Dum- 

 barton, and its inhabitants are chiefly employed at 

 the numerous printfields in the neighbourhood. 

 Within the parish stands a monument to the memory 

 of Dr Smollett, who was born on the banks of the 

 Leven. The population of the parish, in 1831, was 

 3874. 



BONIFACE; the name of several popes. B. I., 

 elected 418, by a party of the clergy, and confirmed 

 by the emperor Honorius, who declared the antipope 

 Eulalius a usurper. B. persecuted the Pelagians, 

 and extended his authority by prudent measures. 

 A decree of the emperor Theodosius deprived him, 

 in 421, of the spiritual sovereignty over Eastern 

 Illyria. He died 422. His history proves the Roman 

 bishop to have been, in his time, dependent on the 

 secular power. B. II., elected 530. The death 

 of his rival, the antipope Dioscorus, a few days 

 after his election, left him in quiet possession of 

 the papal chair. He acknowledged the supremacy 

 of the secular sovereign, in a council held at Rome. 

 B. III., chosen 607, died nine months after his 

 election. B. IV., elected 608. He consecrated the 

 Pantheon (q. v.) to the virgin and all the saints. B. 

 V., a Neapolitan, was pope from 619 to 625. He 

 confirmed the inviolability of the asylums, and endea- 

 voured to diffuse Christianity among the English. 

 B. VI., a Roman, elected 896, died of the gout a 

 fortnight after. B. VII., anti-pope, elected 974, dur- 

 ing the lifetime of Benedict VI., whose death he was 

 suspected of having caused. Expelled from Rome, 

 he returned on the death of Benedict VII., and found 

 the chair occupied by John XIV., whom he deposed 

 and threw into prison, where he allowed him to die 

 of hunger. B. died eleven months after his return. 

 B. VIM., see the article. B. IX., Pietro Toma- 

 celli of Naples, succeeded Urban VI. at Rome, dur- 

 ing the schism in the church, while Clement VII. 

 resided at Avignon. He was distinguished for the 

 beauty of his person, and the elegance of his man- 

 ners, rather than for a profound knowledge of theo- 

 logy and canon law. Even the counsel o? his expe- 



