BONN BONNEV AL. 



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hi Europe. It contains all the lecture halls, a 

 library of more than 50,000 volumes, a museum of 

 antiquities, a collection of casts of the principal an- 

 cient statues, a cabinet for natural philosophy, clinical 

 institutions of uncommon extent and order, to which 

 will be added a Catholic theological seminary, and a 

 convictorium (refectory). The paintings in the aula 

 minor (among- others, the great allegorical picture, 

 the Christian Church) were executed by some pupils 

 of Cornelius. To the liberality of the king, the uni- 

 versity owes also an anatomical hall, a new riding- 

 school, and an edifice, once a royal palace, in Pop- 

 pelsdorf, ten minutes' walk from the city, which 

 contains the mineralogical and zoological collections, 

 and before which lies the botanical garden. Adjoin- 

 ing it are lands and buildings for the use of the agri- 

 cmtural institute. The tower of the old custom- 

 house, which commands a fine view, is destined for 

 an observatory. The king has also established here 

 a printing press for Sanscrit, under the inspection of 

 A. W. von Schlegel. The museum of German and 

 Roman antiquities is under the direction of the same 

 distinguished scholar. The teachers oT the five fa- 

 culties, of which the university consists, are more 

 than fifty. Particular advantages are afforded for 

 the edi cation of young men intended for instructers. 

 Many icn distinguished in various branch'"; of sci- 

 ence we connected with the university. The histo- 

 rian Niebuhr, previous to his death in 1831, delivered 

 lectures here. The exertions of the government to 

 collect in B. all the means of instruction, united with 

 the charms of the place and the beauties of the scenery, 

 have made the university in a short time very much 

 frequented. In 1826, it contained 931 students, 

 among whom were 110 foreigners. 



BONN, Andrew, an anatomist, was born at Amster- 

 dam, in 1738, and studied and received his degree at 

 Lftyden. His dissertation was the excellent treatise 

 De Continuitatibus Membranarum, of which two fa- 

 mous physicians, Bichat and Wrisberg, have made 

 use in their works. H finished his studies at Paris. 

 In 1771, he returned to Amsterdam, where he de- 

 livered lectures. He had the three first numbers of 

 the Thesaurus Hooianus Ossium Morbosorum en- 

 graved at his own expense. He died in 1818. His 

 long life was devoted to the relief of the suffering, 

 and to the education of skilful physicians and sur- 

 geons. As president of the Monnikhof institution 

 for the investigation of the best remedies against the 

 different kinds of hernia, he has likewise accomplish- 

 ed a great deal. 



BONNER, Edmund, an English prelate of infamous 

 notoriety, was the son of a peasant at Han ley in 

 Worcestershire. He was educated at Pembroke col- 

 lege, Oxford, where he was made doctor of common 

 law, in 1 525. For his skill in business, he was pa- 

 tronised by cardinal Wolsey, from whom he received 

 several clerical preferments. On the death of Wol- 

 sey, he acquired the favour of Henry VIII., who 

 made him one of his chaplains, and sent him to 

 Rome to advocate his divorce from queen Catharine. 

 Here he conducted himself with so much intemper- 

 ance, that the pope is said to have threatened to 

 throw him into a caldron of boiling lead, on which 

 lie thought proper to return. In 1538, he was nomi- 

 nated bishop of Hereford, being then ambassador at 

 Paris ; but, before his consecration, he was translated 

 to the see of London. At the time of the death of 

 Henry, he was ambassador to the emperor Charles 

 V., but returned the same year, when, refusing to 

 take the oath of supremacy, he was deprived of his 

 bishopric, to which, however, he was restored, on 

 making submission. Still continuing to act with 

 contumacy, he was, aft^r a long trial, once more de- 

 prived of his see, and committed to the Marshalsea j 



from which prison, on the accession of Mary, he was 

 released, and once more restored by commission. 

 During this reign, B. distinguished himself by a most 

 sanguinary persecution of the Protestants, 200 of 

 whom he was instrumental in bringing to the stake, 

 whipping and torturing several of them with his own 

 hands. When Elizabeth succeeded, Cie went, with 

 the rest of the bishops; to meet her at'Highgate, but, 

 at the sight of him, she averted her countenance 

 with an expression of horror. He remained, how- 

 ever, unmolested, until his refusal to take the oath 

 of supremacy ; on which he was once more com- 

 mitted to the Marshalsea, where he remained a pris- 

 oner for nearly ten years, until his death, in 1569. 

 He was buried at midnight, to avoid any disturbance 

 on the part of the populace, to whom he was ex- 

 tremely obnoxious. 



BONNET, in fortification ; an elevation of the para- 

 pet in the salient angles of a field retrenchment, or 

 of a fortification, designed to prevent the enfilading 

 of the front of the work, at the end of which it is 

 situated. The bonnet accomplishes, however, only 

 part of this object, and is subject, at least in field re- 

 trenchments, to the disadvantage, that the men des- 

 tined for its defence are too much exposed to be 

 taken in flank by the fire of the enemy, on account of 

 the necessary elevation of the banquette (q. v.) a 

 fault which cannot occur in the works of a fortress 

 which are well laid out. 



BONNET, Charles, a natural philosopher and meta- 

 physician, was born at Geneva, in 1720, and ex- 

 changed the study of the laws for that of natural 

 history. His essay On Aphides, in which he proved 

 that they propagated without coition, procured him, 

 in his twentieth year, the place of a corresponding 

 member of the academy of sciences at Paris. Soon 

 afterwards, he partook in the discoveries of Trembley 

 respecting tho polypus, and made interesting obser- 

 vations on the respiration of caterpillars and butter- 

 flies, and on the structure of the tape-worm. An 

 active correspondence with many learned men in his 

 own country and abroad, and too continued persever- 

 ance in labour, brought on an inflammation in his 

 eyes, which prevented him from writing for more 

 than two years. His active spirit employed this in- 

 terval in meditating on the source of our ideas, on 

 the nature of the soul, and on other mysteries of 

 metaphysics. From 1752 till 1768, he was a member 

 of the great council of his native city. He afterwards 

 retired to his country-seat (Genthod), on the banks 

 of the lake of Geneva, where he led a retired life, 

 devoting his time to the investigation of nature, to 

 the conversation of learned men, and to an extensive 

 correspondence, till his death, in 1793. B. was a 

 close and exact observer. He carried religious con- 

 templations into the study of nature. In his views of 

 the human soul, many traces of materialism are to l>e 

 found ; for instance, the derivation of all ideas from 

 the movements of the nervous fibres. Of his works 

 on natural history and metaphysics, there are two 

 collections ; one in 9 vols. 4to, the other in 18 vols. 

 8vo, Neufchatel, 1779. The most celebrated are, 

 Traite d'lnsectologie ; Recherches sur C Usage ties 

 Feuilles dans les Plantes ; Considerations sur let 

 Corps organises ; Contemplation de la Nature ; fasai 

 analytique sur les Facultes de FAme; Palingenesis 

 Philosophiyue, and Essai de Psychologic. 



BONNEVAL, Claude Alexander, count of, or ACHMET 

 PACHA, a singular adventurer, was born 1672 at 

 Coussac, in Limousin, of an illustrious French family, 

 and entered, in his sixteenth year, the body-guard 

 of the king, but showed an extravagant propensity 

 for pleasure. In war, he was an able and success- 

 ful partisan, beloved by those under his command. 

 He enjoyed the esteem of the marshal of Luxein- 



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