620 



HONNYCASTLE BOOK-BIN 1)1 N(; 



bourg. In tin- war of the Spanish succession, lie <>h- 

 Uiim (I a regiment, with which he marched to Italy, ami 

 distinguished himself by his valour as well as by his 

 . -. On his muni, he was obliged to fly, in 

 consequence of some violent expressions against the 

 minister and madamede Maintenon. 1 le was, in 1706, 

 appointed major-general by prince Eugene, ami 

 /might iigainst his native country. At the peace of 

 Kastadt, in l?N, by the interference of prince Eu- 

 gene, the process ngainst him for high treason was 

 withdrawn, and he was allowed to return to his 

 estates. In 17 Hi, he was lieutenant field-marshal of 

 the Austrian infantry, and distinguished himself by 

 his valour against the Turks at Peterwardcin (171(3). 

 In 1718, H. was made a member of the imperial 

 xmncil of war, but his licentiousness and indiscretion 

 induced prince K.ugene to get rid of him, by appoint- 

 ing him, in 1723, master-general of the ordnance in 

 the Netherlands. To revenge himself on Eugene, 

 he sent complaints to Vienna against the governor, 

 the marquis of Prie ; but the latter, who, on his side, 

 had not been inactive, received an order to arrest B., 

 and to imprison him in the citadel of Antwerp. B., 

 being afterwards ordered to appear at Vienna, and 

 give an explanation of his conduct, spent a month at 

 the Hague before he chose to comply with the sum- 

 mons. He was, therefore, confined in the castle of 

 Spielberg, near Brunn, and condemned to death by 

 the imperial council of war ; but the sentence was 

 changed, by the emperor, into one year's imprison- 

 ment and exile. B. now went to Constantinople, 

 where the fame of his deeds, and his humanity to- 

 wards the Turkish prisoners of war, procured him a 

 kind reception. He consented to change his religion, 

 received instructions in Mohammedanism from the 

 mufti, submitted to circumcision, and received the 

 name Achmet Pacha, with a large salary. He was 

 made a pacha of three tails, commanded a large 

 army, defeated the Austrians on the Danube, and 

 quelled an insurrection in Arabia Petraea. His exer- 

 tions, as commander of the bombardiers, to improve 

 the Turkish artillery, were opposed by the jealousy 

 of powerful pachas, the irresolution of Mohammed V., 

 and the dislike of the Turkish troops to all European 

 institutions. He enjoyed, however, the pleasures of 

 his situation. He died in 1747. His memoirs of his 

 own life were published in London, 1755, 2 vols. 

 I2mo; in French by Desherbiers (Paris, 1806, 2 

 vols.) In the second volume of the memoirs of Ca- 

 sanova are to be found some notices of B. 



BOXNVCASTLE, John, professor of mathematics at the 

 royal military academy at Woolwich, was born in 

 Buckinghamshire. Though his education was not 

 neglected, yet he was chiefly indebted to his own exer- 

 tions for the various and extensive knowledge which 

 he acquired. While young, he became private tutor to 

 the two sons of the earl of Pomfret. After two years, 

 he quitted that situation, on being appointed one of 

 the mathematical masters at Woolwich. Here, for 

 more than forty years, he devoted his time to the 

 duties of his profession, and to the composition of 

 elementary mathematical works. His first production 

 was the Scholar's Guide to Arithmetic, which has 

 passed through many editions. His guides to alge- 

 bra and mensuration are useful school books. He 

 likewise wrote a Treatise upon Astronomy, 8vo ; 

 the Elements of Geometry, 8vo ; a Treatise on Plane 

 and Spherical Trigonometry, 8vo ; a Treatise on Al- 

 gebra, 2 vols. 8vo ; and various articles in the early 

 part of the last edition of Dr Rees's Cyclopaedia. He 

 died at Woolwich, May 15, 1821. 



BOXZA^IGA, Giuseppe ; royal sculptor at Turin. By 

 a persevering application of forty years, he raised the 

 art of carving in wood and ivory to a high degree of 

 perfection, and founded an establishment, from which 



numerous works of art have been produced, that are 

 much sought for in nil Italy, and valued by connois- 

 seurs. He died Dec. 18, 18-iO. 



BONZES ; the name given by Europeans to the 

 priests of the religion of Fo, in Eastern Asia, particu- 

 larly in China, Birmah, Tonquin, Cochin China, and 

 Japan. As these priests lived together in monaste- 

 ries, unmarried, they have much resemblance to the 

 monks of the Christian church : the sjstem of their 

 hierarchy and of their worship also agrees, in many 

 it spects, with that of the Catholics. They do pen- 

 ance, and pray for the sins of the laity, who secure 

 them from want by endowments and alms. The !" - 

 male bonzes may be compared to the Christian nuns ; 

 as the religion of Fo suffers no priestesses, but admits 

 the social union of pious virgins and widows, under 

 monastic vows, for the performance of religious exer- 

 cises. The bonzes are commonly acquainted only 

 With the external forms of worship and the idols, 

 without understanding the meaning of their religious 

 symbols. They endeavour to keep up the superstition 

 by which they are supported. 



BOOK; the general name applied to a printed vo- 

 lume. Pamphlet is the term applied to any treatise 

 which is not of sufficient magnitude to constitute a 

 volume. Books were first made of the bark of trees ; 

 hence the Latin word liber and the Saxon hoc, 

 both which signify bark. The 'materials of books 

 were afterwards derived from the papyrus, a plant 

 which is a native of Egypt, and which gave its name 

 to paper. The use oi parchment, prepared from 

 skins, next followed, until it was supplanted by paper 

 in the 12th century. See Bibliography and Paper; also 

 the articles Book-binding and Book-trade, which follow. 



BOOK-BINDING ; the art of arranging and making up 

 the sheets of a book into a volume. The first oper- 

 ation in book-binding is to fold the sheets. If the 

 book l>e folio, each sheet is folded into two leaves ; 

 if quarto, into four leaves ; octavo, eight leaves ; 

 I2mo, twelve leaves; 18mo, eighteen leaves; and 

 so of all others, to 72mo, the smallest size in ge- 

 neral use. The first page of each sheet of all Eng- 

 lish books has, at the bottom, a letter of the alphabet; 

 French books have a number. These marks, techni- 

 cally denominated signatures, direct the workmen in 

 the proper arrangement of the sheets. After the 

 sheets are folded, they are arranged in the order of 

 the, alphabet ; or, if they are French, according to 

 the numbers. The book is then beat on a large, 

 smooth stone, with a heavy hammer, or put through 

 a rolling machine, 'to make it smooth and solid : care 

 must be taken in beating it to prevent setting off" the 

 printing of the one page on the other. After beat- 

 ing, the book is separated into three or four portions, 

 and put between smooth hardwood boards, and press- 

 ed in a screw or hydraulic press for several hours. 

 It is then carefully collated, according to the letter or 

 number at the bottom of the sheet, and sawed on the 

 back, in three or five places according to the size of 

 the work, in order to admit the cord, on which it is 

 to be sewed. When a book has been sewed, it is 

 then secured by a coating on the back of strong 

 glue, care being taken that the sheets be, accurately 

 adjusted at the head and back. When the glue has 

 dried, the back is rounded with a hammer, the same 

 as those used by shoemakers ; it is then screwed up 

 very tight in the cutting press, between hard-wood 

 boards, half the breadth of the book, and thinner on 

 the one edge than the other ; the boards being kept 

 an eighth of an inch from the edge of the back. The 

 back of the book is now beat smooth, and the edge 

 of the back being beat on the edge of the boards that 

 compress it, a groove is formed for the pasteboard 

 to rest in. The pasteboards are then laced to the book, 

 by the ends of the cords on which it is sewed ; after 



