BORGIA BORING. 



soon after. With Napoleon, who loved her tenderly, 

 she had many disputes,, and as many reconciliations ; 

 tor she would not always follow the caprices of his 

 policy. Yet even the proud style in which she 

 demanded what her brothers begged, made her the 

 more attractive to her brother. Once, however, 

 when she forgot herself towards the empress, whom 

 she never liked, she was obliged to leave the court. 

 She was yet in disgrace at Nice, when Napoleon 

 resigned his crown in 1814; upon which occasion 

 ghe immediately acted as a tender sister. Instead of 

 remaining at her palace in Rome, she set out for 

 Elba, to join her brother, and acted the part of 

 mediatrix between him and the other members of his 

 family. When Napoleon landed in France, she went 

 to Naples, to see her sister Caroline, and afterwards 

 returned to Rome. Before the battle of Waterloo, 

 she placed all her diamonds, which were of great 

 value, at the disposal of her brother. They were in 

 his carriage, which was taken in that battle, and was 

 shown publicly at London. He intended to have 

 returned them to her. She lived, afterwards, sepa- 

 rated from her husband, at Rome, where she occupied 

 part of the palace Borghese,and where she possessed, 

 from ISiti, tlie villa Sciarra. Her house, in which 

 taste and love of the fine arts prevailed, was the 

 centre of the most splendid society at Rome. She 

 often saw her mother, her brothers Lucien and Louis, 

 and her uncle Fesch. W hen she heard of the sickness 

 of her brother Napoleon, she repeatedly requested 

 permission to go to him at St Helena. She finally 

 obtained her request, but the news of his death 

 arrived immediately after. She died, June 9, 1825, 

 at Florence. She left many legacies, and a donation, 

 by the interest of which two young men of Ajaccio 

 will be enabled to study medicine and surgery. The 

 rest of her property she left to her brothers, the 

 count of St Lue, and the prince of Montfort. Her 

 whole property amounted to 2,000,000 francs. 



BORGIA, Caesar, the natural son of an ecclesiastic, 

 who afterwards became pope Alexander VI., and of 

 a Roman lady, named Vanozza. At a time when the 

 court of Rome was a school of falsehood and licen- 

 tiousness, and compacts and oaths afforded no security, 

 he reduced crime to a system. Other princes have 

 shed more blood, have exercised more atrocious cruel- 

 ty ; but liis name is stigmatized with the greatest infa- 

 my ; for with B. all was calculated with cool reflection. 

 He profaned whatever was most holy for the attain- 

 ment of his purposes. His father, who had become 

 pope in 14U2, invested him with the purple. When 

 Charles VI1J. of France made his entry into Rome, 

 Alexander was obliged to treat with him, and delivered 

 Cassar B. into his hands as a hostage, who escaped, 

 however, after few days from the camp of the king. In 

 1497, Alexander bestowed the duchy of Benevento, 

 together with the counties of Terracina and Ponte- 



the provinces beyond the Alps. He fixed his court at Tu- 

 rin, and became very popular among the Picdmonte.su. 

 After the abdication of Napoleon, he broke up all connexion 

 with the Bonaparte family, and separated from his wife. 

 The prince sold to the French government, for the sum of 

 8,000,000 francs, three hundred and twenty-two works of 

 art, which ornamented the palace of his ancestors, known 

 under the name of the villa liorghese. Among them were 

 several master-pieces ; e. g., the liorghese Gladiator, the 

 Hermaphrodite, the Sllenus, the Dying Seneca, Amor and 

 Psyche. Bonaparte provided for the payment out of the 

 national domains in Piedmont, which the king of Sardinia 

 confiscated in 1815; at the same time, inconsequence of the 

 econd invasion of France, the prince received back part 

 of these treasures of art. In 1818, he sold Lucedio, in Sa- 

 voy, for 3,000,000 livres. In the kingdom of Naples, he 

 possesses the principalities Sulmone and Rosano. He is 

 one of the richest Italian princes. During his residence in 

 Rome, in 1826, Leo XII. treated him with great distinction, 

 and the establishment of some pious institutions was ex- 

 pected from him. 



corvo, on his-eldest son, who had already received 

 from the king of Spain the duchy of Gandia. Ctesar 

 became jealous of his elevation, and, when Up duke of 

 Gandia was murdered, a week after his investiture, 

 public opinion. 'accused his brother Caesar of the 

 deed. His father permitted him to lay aside the 

 purple, and devote himself to the profession of arms, 

 and sent him to France, to carry to Louis XII. the 

 bull for divorce and dispensation for marriage which 

 he had long desired to obtain. Louis rewarded B., 

 for the compliance of his father, with the duchy of 

 Valentinois, a body guard of a hundred men, and 

 20,000 livres a year, and promised to aid him in his 

 projects of conquest. In 1499, Caesar married a 

 daughter of king John of Navarre, and accompanied 

 Louis XII. to Italy. He first undertook the conquest 

 of Romagna, expelled the lawful possessors of the 

 land, caused them to be treacherously murdered, and 

 himself to be appointed, by his lather, duke of 

 Romagna, in 1501. In the same year, he wrested 

 the principality of Piombino from Jacopo d'Apiano. 

 He also endeavoured, though in vain, to make himself 

 duke of Bologna and Florence. In 1502, he announced 

 that he was about to attack Camerino, and demanded 

 for that purpose, soldiers and artillery from Guidobaldo 

 of Montefeltro, duke of Urbino. Camerino was taken 

 by storm, and Julius of Barona, the lord of the city, 

 with both his sons, was strangled at the command of 

 B. This fate he prepared .-for all whom he had 

 robbed. Those who did not fall into his hands, he 

 pursued with poison or the dagger. Meanwhile all 

 the petty princes had united, and collected the sol- 

 diery for Uieir defence ; but Caesar B. terrified some 

 by means of 3,000 Swiss, whom he called to Italy, 

 and gained over others by advantageous offers. Thus 

 he dissolved their alliance, seized their lands, and 

 saw no further obstacle to his being made, by his 

 father, king of Romagna, of the March, and of Um- 

 bria, when Alexander VI. died, Aug. 17, 1503. At 

 the same time, Caesar B. was attacked by a seveiv 

 disease, at a moment when his whole activity and 

 presence of mind were needed. He found means, 

 indeed, to get the treasures of his father into his pos- 

 session, assembled his troops in Rome, and formed a 

 closer alliance with France ; but enemies rose against 

 him on all sides, one of the most bitter of whom was 

 the new pope, Julius II. B. was arrested and car- 

 ried to Spain, where he remained for two years in 

 prison. He at length made his escape to his brother- 

 in-law the king of Navarre, went with him to the 

 war against Castile, and was killed by a shot before 

 the castle of Biano, March 12, 1507. Caesar B. was 

 temperate and sober, loved and protected the scien- 

 ces, wrote verses himself, and possessed so much elo- 

 quence, that he seduced even those who were most 

 on their guard against his treacherous designs. 



BORGIA, Stefano, cardinal, superintendent of the 

 Propaganda, one of the noblest protectors of science 

 in the 18th century, was born at Velletri, in 1731, 

 and died November 23, 1804, in Lyons. His life 

 was affected, in various ways, by the political revolu- 

 tions of Europe. The dictatorship of Rome was in- 

 trusted to him, together with two other cardinals, by 

 Pius VI., when the French attacked the city. His 

 Memorie istoriche delta Cittd di Benevento del Secvlo 

 filial Xr///(3 vols. 1763, 4to), show his ability 

 as an historian and antiquary. 



BORGNE ; a bay or gulf (improperly called lake) in 

 Louisiana, east of lake Pontchartrain. It communi- 

 cates with the gulf of Mexico and lake Pontchaftniin, 

 and is forty miles long and about fifteen broad. 



BORING is a species of circular cutting, in which a 

 cylindrical portion of a substance is gradually re- 

 moved. When tubes of metal are to be formed, a 

 cast is, in some cases, made in solid metal, and the 



