642 



BOTHNIA BOTTOMRY. 



in the beautiful figures of John, cannot be overlook- 

 ed, in spile of the excess of yellow, sometimes found 

 in them. His fame lias been confirmed by time, and 

 bis merit, as well as his n sidt ncc in Italy, lias pro- 

 cured him the name of Both of Italy. Andrew was 

 drowned at Venice, in 1650. John, inconsolable for 

 his loss, abandoned Italy, and returned to line-lit, 

 where lie died shortly after. The plates which John 

 Both lias himself etched from his principal works are 

 much valued. 



BOTHNIA, EAST, a province formerly belonging to 

 Sweden, but ceded to Russia in 1809, situatedon the 

 E. side of the gulf of Bothnia, bounded N. by Lap- 

 land, E. by the Russian government of Archangel 

 and OloneU, S. by Finland, and W. by the gulfof 

 Bothnia, is about 300 miles in length, and from <><> to 

 210 in breadth. Towards the south, and on the sea- 

 coast, the land is low and marshy. The summers are 

 often so cold as to destroy a great part of the crops. 

 Population, about 70,000. The cattle are small, and 

 bears are numerous. The salmon fishery is abundant, 

 and that of pearls often successful. The principal 

 exports are timber, butter, whale-oil, pitch, tar, &c. 

 The principal towns are Cajana, or Cajaneborg, 

 Ulea, Christinestadt, &c. 



BOTHNIA, WEST ; a province of Sweden, situated on 

 tlie W. side of the gulf of Bothnia, bounded N. and 

 W. by Lapland, S. by Angermania, and E. by the 

 gulf of Bothnia. The country is tolerably fertile, but 

 sudden frosts, in the month of July, often destroy the 

 labourer's hopes. There are mines of copper and 

 iron. The principal towns are Umea, Pithea, and 

 Lulea. Population, about 56,000. 



BOTHNIA, GOLF OF ; the northern part of the Baltic 

 nea, which separates Sweden from Finland. It com- 

 mences at the island of Aland, 61 N. lat, and ex- 

 tends to 66 : its length is about 360 miles, its 

 breadth from 90 to 1 30, and its depth from twenty to 

 fifty fathoms. It freezes over in the winter, so as to 

 be passed by sledges and carriages. Its water con- 

 tains only one-third of the proportion of salt found in 

 other sea-water. It abounds in salmon and in seals, 

 which furnish great quantities of train-oil. This gulf 

 is gradually decreasing in extent. 



BOTHWELL ; a parish and village of Scotland, lying 

 on the north bank of the Clyde. The parish is eight 

 and a half miles long, and four broad. The vil- 

 lage is situated eight miles east of Glasgow, and 

 about a mile beyond it stands Bothwell bridge, 

 where a decisive battle was fought, in 1679, De- 

 ween the Scottish covenanters, commanded princi- 

 pally by their clergy, and the royal forces, commanded 

 by the duke of Monmouth, in which the former 

 were totally routed. Population of the parish in 1831, 

 5,545. 



BOTHWELL, James Hepburn, earl of, is known in 

 Scottish history by his marriage to queen Mary. It 

 is supposed, by some historians, that he was deeply 

 concerned in the murder of the unfortunate Darnley, 

 Mary's husband, and that he was even supported by 

 the deluded queen. He was charged with the crime, 

 and tried, but acquitted. After the death of Darnley, 

 lie seized the queen at Edinburgh, and, carrying her 

 a prisoner to Dunbar castle, prevailed upon her to 

 marry him, after he had divorced his own wife. 

 Though seemingly secure in the possession of power, 

 and though created earl of Orkney by the unfortunate 

 queen, he soon found that his conduct had roused the 

 indignation of the kingdom. Mary found not in him 

 the fond husband she expected : he became unkind 

 and brutal. A confederacy was formed against him 

 by the barons, the queen was liberated from his 

 power, and he escaped to the Orkneys, and after- 

 wards to Denmark, where he died, 1577. In his last 

 moments, it is said, that, with an agonizing con- 



science, he confessed his own guilt, and the queeifa 

 innocence, of the murder of Darnley. 



BOTOCUDES, savages of Brazil, received their name 

 from the large wooden pegs, with which they orna- 

 ment their ears and lips. A small part of these savages 



is now somewhat civilized. Most of the tribes are still 

 in a completely barbarous state, continually at w;- 

 among themselves, and accustomed to eat the flesh 

 of their enemies. A more particular, though incom- 

 plete, account of them is to be found in the Travels of 

 the Prince of Neuwied and others in Brazil. With 

 the view of promoting their civilization, three Indian 

 villages were laid out, in 1824, by order of the em- 

 peror. 



BOTTLES, by the ancients, were made of skins and 

 leather : they are now chiefly made of thick glass, of 

 the cheapest kind, and formed of the most ordinary 

 materials. It is composed of sand, with lime, and 

 sometimes clay, and alkaline ashes of any kind, such 

 as kelp, barilla, or even wood ashes. The green 

 colour is owing partly to the impurities in the ashes, 

 but chiefly to oxyde of iron. This glass is strong, 

 hard, and well vitrified. It is less subject to corro- 

 sion by acids than flint-glass, and is superior to any 

 cheap material for the purposes to which it is applied. 



BOTTOMRY is the hypothecation or pledge of a ves- 

 sel for the payment of a debt. The creditor has no 

 right to take possession of the ship, until the expira- 

 tion of the time for which the loan is made, and then 

 (under a bottomry contract in the usual form) only by 

 the intervention of an admiralty court. If the loan is 

 not repaid at the stipulated time, the lender applies to 

 an admiralty court, which (the truth of the claim being 

 established) decrees a sale of the ship to satisfy the 

 debt. The conditions of such a contract usually are, 

 that, if the ship is not lost or destroyed by those risks 

 which the lender agrees to run, the debt is to become 

 absolute. The risks assumed by the lender are 

 usually the same as are enumerated in a common 

 policy of insurance. If the ship is wholly lost in 

 consequence of these risks, the lender loses his loan. 

 In case of a partial damage, the bottomry bond usu- 

 ally provides that this damage shall be borne by the 

 lender in the proportion of the amount loaned to the 

 value of the ship. If this amount is equal to one half 

 of the value of the ship, the lender is to bear one 

 half of the amount of such loss, &c. As the lender 

 thus assumes a certain risk, he is justly entitled to a 

 greater interest than if he did not thus take the ha- 

 zard of the loss of the whole loan ; and this is called 

 marine interest. He is entitled to the usual rate of 





