BOTZEN -BOUFFLERS. 



643 



interest on his loan, in addition to the usual premium 

 of insurance for the same voyage or period. The 

 stipulation for such a rate of marine interest is not a 

 violation of the laws against usury, for it is not merely 

 a compensation for the use of the money loaned, but 

 also for the risk assumed. The ship-owner may bor- 

 row money on bottomry, whether his vessel be in port 

 or at sea. But the captain of the ship, as such, can- 

 not so borrow when in the port where the owner 

 resides, or near enough to consult him on any emer- 

 gency. In any other port, he may pledge the ship 

 on bottomry for the purpose of raising money neces- 

 sary for repairing, supplying, and navigating her, if 

 he can obtain it in no other way. If he borrow thus 

 without necessity, the bond is void, and the lender can 

 look only to the personal responsibility of the captain. 



BOTZEN, or BOLZANO ; a town in Tyrol, at the con- 

 fluence of the Eisackand the Adige, containing 8100 

 inhabitants, and 1000 houses. It has four annual 

 fairs. The rivers of the town, the former privileges 

 of the bishop of Trent, and the intersection of the 

 main roads leading to Germany, Italy, and Switzer- 

 land, at this place, on account of the chains of moun- 

 tains and the courses of the streams, afforded it great 

 advantages for commerce, which yet continue, in 

 some degree. Its commerce, however, is much 

 injured by the smuggling over lake Como, and also 

 from Switzerland, into Lombardy. B. lies in a valley, 

 enclosed by high mountains ; it is, therefore, exces- 

 sively hot in summer, and sometimes even visited by 

 the sirocco. The finest fruits of Upper Italy (agrumi) 

 are produced here, if protected by a covering in win- 

 ter on the east side of the mountain. Autumn is 

 here the most beautiful season in the year. The 

 winter is generally short. On the declivities of the 

 mountains is produced a peculiar kind of red wine. 

 In the valleys, mulberry-trees flourish. B. is, there- 

 fore, the best place for silk-worms in the Austrian 

 dominions. 



BOUCHARDON, Edmund, the son of a sculptor and ar- 

 chitect, was born, in 1698, at Chaumont-en-Basigni, 

 and applied himself early to drawing and painting. 

 He made many copies, without, however, giving up 

 the study of nature. In order to devote himself to 

 statuary, he went to Paris, and entered the school of 

 the younger Coustou. He soon gained the highest 

 prize, and was made royal pensioner at Rome. He 

 studied his art partly in the works of antiquity, and 

 partly in those of Raphael and Domenichino. He 

 executed several busts, and was to have erected the 

 tomb of Clement XI., but the orders of the king 

 recalled him to Paris in 1732. Here, among other 

 works, he made a large group in stone, representing 

 an athlete overcoming a bear. This stood for a long 

 time in the garden of Grosbois. Afterwards, he 

 assisted in repairing the fountain of Neptune at Ver- 

 sailles. He executed ten statues, which adorn the 

 church of St Sulpice. A monument to the duchess 

 of Lauraguais, made by him, is also in that church. 

 The fountain in the rue de Grenelle, which the city 

 of Paris ordered to be constructed in 1739, was made 

 by him, and is considered his masterpiece. A Cupid 

 which he made for the king was unsuccessful. For 

 the Traite des Pierres gravees, B. furnished designs, 

 from which the plates were copied. The execution 

 of the greatest monument of that period, the eques- 

 trian statue of Louis XV., which was erected by order 

 of the city of Paris, was committed to him. He la- 

 boured twelve years on this, with inconceivable per- 

 severance, and has left, in the horse, a model which 

 may be ranked with any work of antiquity. He died 

 in 1762. His designs are great and accurate. His 

 pieces bear the character of simple grandeur. He 

 put more spirit and expression into his sketches than 

 Into the marble. In general, more fire is to be de- 



sired in his sculpture. The paintings which he 

 executed at Rome are bold and powerful. Afterwards 

 he adopted a more polished, delicate manner, to suit 

 the taste of the age. Among his scholars, Louis- 

 Claude Vasse, who died in 1772, is distinguished. 

 Caylus has written his life. 



BOUCHER, Francis, painter to the king, and director 

 of the academy of painters, was born at Paris in 1704, 

 and died in 1770. While a pupil of the celebrated 

 Lemoine, he gained, at the age of nineteen, the first 

 prize of the academy. After studying at Rome for a 

 short time, he returned to Paris, and was styled the 

 painter of the graces a title which he did not merit. 

 He would, perhaps, have risen to excellence, had he 

 not yielded to the corrupt taste of his age, and had 

 devoted himself more completely to his studies. The 

 ease with which he executed made him careless. His 

 drawing is faulty ; his colouring does not harmonize, 

 especially in his naked pieces, which are so glaring, 

 that they appear as if the light was reflected on them 

 from a red curtain. In a word, he is looked upon as 

 the corrupter of the French school. He was neither 

 envious nor avaricious, but encouraged younger artists 

 as much as was in his power. The great number ot 

 his paintings and sketches show with what rapidity 

 he produced them. The latter alone amounted to 

 more than 10,000. He has also etched some plates, 

 and many of his paintings have been engraved. 



BOUCHES-DU- RHONE (mouths of the Rhone) ; a de- 

 partment in the south of France, in the ancient go- 

 vernment of Provence. Chief town, Marseilles. 

 Pop. in 1827, 326,302. See Departments. 



BOUDINOT, Elias, was born in Philadelphia, May 2, 

 1 740. He was* descended from one of the Huguenots, 

 who sought refuge in America from religious perse- 

 cution in France. He studied the law, and became 

 eminent in that profession. At an early period of 

 the revolutionary war, he was appointed, by congress, 

 commissary-general of prisoners. In the year 1777, 

 he was chosen a member of congress, and, in 1782, 

 was made president of that body. After the adoption 

 of the constitution, he entered the house of represen- 

 tatives, where he continued six years. He then suc- 

 ceeded Rittenhouse as director of the mint of the 

 United States, an office which he resigned in the 

 course of a few years, and lived, from that time, at 

 Burlington, New Jersey. He devoted himself ear- 

 nestly to Biblical literature, and, being possessed of 

 an ample fortune, made munificent donations to va- 

 rious charitable and theological institutions. The 

 American Bible society, of which he became presi- 

 dent, was particularly an object of his bounty. He 

 died at the age of eighty-two, in October, 1821. 



BOUDOIR ; a small room, simply and gracefully 

 fitted up, destined for retirement (from louder, to 

 pout, to be sulky). It may be indebted for its name 

 to an angry husband, whose wife, when inclined to 

 pout, shut herself up in her chamber. The boudoir 

 is the peculiar property of the lady her sanctum 

 sanctorum. To this she flies for peace and solitude 

 from the bustle of society. 



BOUFFLERS, marshal de, one of the most celebrated 

 generals of his age, was born in 1644 ; died 171 1. He 

 was an Sieve of the great Cond6. of Turenne, Crcqui, 

 Luxembourg, and Catinat. His defence of Namur, in 

 1695, and of Lille, in 1708, are famous. The si^ge of 

 the former place was conducted by king Wjlliam in 

 person, and cost the allies more tlian 20,000 men. The 

 latter was conducted by prince Eugene. An order 

 was sent from Louis XIV., signed by his own hand, 

 commanding B. to surrender ; but he kept, it secret, 

 until all means of defence were exhausted. The re- 

 treat of the French after their defeat at Malplaquet. 

 under the direction of B., was more like a triumph 

 than a defeat. 



