66(5 



BRAZIL 



foreign alfctirs and of the interior, ami Martin F. 

 Kibeiro, minister of finances especially tin- former, 

 possessed the entire confidence of tin- emperor. The 

 most difficult matter was to cti'cct hi- recognition in 

 Europe ; tor don Pedro had acquired the new dignity 

 in consequence of the principle ot the sovereignty of the 

 people in a colony separated trom the mother country ; 

 and it was also madea question, whether he should not 

 renounce his chums to the crown of Portugal. His 

 father, indeed, when he left B., April 26, 1821, had 

 given him full powers to do all that might be neces- 

 sary to proem- tliis country to the house of Brn- 

 ganza. The mission, nevertheless, of major Schatfer 

 to Vienna, could not procure the acknowledgment of 

 the new emperor by Ins father-in-law, the emperor 

 of Austria. The Brazilian troops, in the mean time, 

 conquered Monte Video, which still had a Portu- 

 j;iiese garrison, in Dec., 1823, after which the Banda 

 Oriental was united with B., under the name of Cis- 

 vlatino, as also Bahia, which was defended by a Por- 

 tuguese garrison, under general Madeira. Lord 

 < odirane. the Brazilian admiral, blockaded the har- 

 bour from March 26, 1823. Madeira, compelled to 

 surrender by famine, sailed, during the negotiation, 

 in the night of July 2, to Europe, and the Brazilian 

 troops entered the place. At home, don Pedro liad 

 two parties to contend with the ancient Portuguese, 

 which was the weaker, and the republican, the 

 stronger. The latter was especially powerful in Per- 

 nambuco. The brothers Andrade sought to gain 

 both parties by the proposal of a free constitution, 

 formed after the model of the British ; but the ob- 

 stacles of all kinds, and the violent opposition with 

 which their administration was harassed, compelled 

 them to resort to arbitrary measures and arrests. 

 They treated the malcontents as Carbonari, and 

 thereby excited the suspicion, that the emperor 

 aspired to absolute authority. They finally convoked 

 the cortes of B., the session of which was opened by 

 the emperor, May 3, 1623. Of the twenty members, 

 who constituted the opposition, out of the sixty (in- 

 stead of 160) present, Aranjo Lima was the most elo- 

 quent. The ministers succeeded in causing secret socie- 

 ties to be prohibited, by which means they gained a 

 pretence for imprisoning many, whose sentiments 

 were republican. This augmented the public dissa- 

 tisfaction, and, when the emperor, having been 

 severely injured by a fall from a horse, did not 

 appear in public for a month, the enemies of the 

 ministers became more bold in their outcries, and 

 even sent threatening representations to the emperor. 

 The imprisoned were acquitted by the supreme court 

 of justice, and the emperor found himself compelled 

 to dismiss the two Andrade, July 16, 1823. Don Joaq. 

 de Carneiro Campos (formerly professor of mathema- 

 tics at the college of Lisbon) received the department 

 of foreign aflairs, and don Man. Jacint. Figueroa da 

 Gama that of the finances both adherents to the po- 

 litical principles of 1791. 



Meanwhile, the royal power had been restored in 

 Lisbon in May, 182;i ; but the Brazilians demanded 

 the more loudly a free constitution and a separation 

 from Portugal. The emperor, therefore, refused to 

 receive the envoy of the king his father, the count de 

 Rio Mayor, September 6, 1823, because he could 

 not give assurance of the acknowledgment of the in- 

 dependence of B. At the same time, the congress 

 authorized a loan of 2,500,000 in London, which 

 has subsequently been increased about 700,000. 

 (75 per cent, only was paid in specie, at six per cent, 

 interest!) The constitution of August 10, 1823, 

 which the" national assembly had accepted with some 

 alterations, was finally laid before the emperor, but, 

 in consequence of a revolution which suddenly en- 

 wed, not accepted, because it resembled the Spanish 



and Portuguese constitutions, and restricted too much 

 the authority of the sovereign. Since the fall of the 

 Andrade, the republican party had increased, and 

 attacked, in their journals, with particular violence, 

 the Portuguese in the Brazilian service, and demand- 

 ed their expulsion. Two officers, in retaliation, did 

 some injury, Nov. 8, to an apothecary at Rio, who 

 laid his complaints before the congress. The t\v 

 ex-ministers Andrade, and their third brother, 

 don Antonio Carlos, likewise a deputy, demanded 

 that congress should investigate the matter; others 

 desired that it should be referred to the courts of jus- 

 tice. This gave rise to a violent tumult on the lUth ; 

 the people took part in it ; the dismissal of the minis- 

 ters, and the departure of the Portuguese, weie 

 loudly required. The ministers gave in their resig- 

 nation, and the emperor collected the troops at his 

 palace San Christovao, four leagues from the city. 

 The congress hereupon declared itself permanent. 

 November 12, it was informed, by a message from 

 the emperor, that all the officers regarded themselves 

 as injured by two journals, of one of which the three 

 Andrade were editors, and patrons of the other ; and 

 they were accused, in general, of being at the head 

 of a rebellious party. The minister of the inte- 

 rior declared, at the same time, that the troops insist- 

 ed on the removal of the two Andrade from the 

 assembly. Immediately after, the troops entered 

 the city, surrounded the hall of the convention, and 

 an officer delivered an imperial decree, ordering the. 

 dissolution of the assembly. The president recorded 

 it on the journals, declared the session terminated, 

 and the deputies separated, Nov. 12, 1823. But 

 while departing, and subsequently, many were arre>t- 

 ed ; among them the three Andrade, who were 

 eventually transported. In a decree of the same day, 

 the emperor termed the assembly perjured, but, on 

 the following day, limited this expression to the fac- 

 tion of the Andrade. 



The provinces, also, were the theatre of many tur- 

 bulent scenes. In Pernambuco, the violent dissolu- 

 tion of the congress gave rise to much dissatisfaction, 

 and it was difficult to appease the hatred of the Bra- 

 zilians against the Portuguese. A second national 

 assembly was finally convened at the end of Nov., 

 1823, and the emperor caused a constitution, drawn 

 up by his council of state, to be laid before the 

 calildo (the municipality) of the capital, December 

 11, 1823, which collected the votes of the citizens 

 respecting it in writing. As all assented to this con- 

 stitution, the oath was administered, January 9, 1824. 

 The same course was pursued in the provinces : but 

 here many citizens voted against the constitution ; 

 among others, the president, Man. de Carvalho Paes 

 d'Andrade of Pernambuco. March 25, 1824, the 

 oath to observe the cousiitution was also taken by the 

 emperor and 1 empress. In its fundamental principles, 

 this constitution coincided with those previously pro- 

 jected. The four branches of civil authority the 

 legislative, the mediative, the executive, and the 

 judicial are administered by the representatives of 

 the people. The government is monarchical, heredi- 

 tary, constitutional, and representative. The repre- 

 sentation of the Brazilian nation consists of the em- 

 peror and the general assembly, a body composed of 

 two chambers that of the deputies, chosen for four 

 years, and that of the senators, chosen by the emperor 

 from the election-lists. With the former rests the 

 power of originating bills for the imposition of taxes 

 and the levying of soldiers, as well as of proposing a 

 change of dynasty. The latter retain their dignity 

 for life. The sessions of these chanjbers are 

 public. The majority of votes decides. The se- 

 nate has jurisdiction of the misdemeanors of the 

 members of the royal family, of the ministers, depu- 



