BRITAIN. 



713 



Hence it results i 



7,406,033 labouring 

 4,203,011) men. 



facturing and commercial pursuits, 

 that France possesses 



A human agricultural power equi- 

 valent to that of 

 And a power of industry equal to 



Total, 12,609,057 

 While England and Scotland shall have 



Agricultural force, - - - 2,132,446 

 Artisans of all professions, . 4,264,893 



Total, 6,397,339 



But man employs other animate force than his own 

 in agricultural labours ; and the animate agricultural 

 force of France has increased to the following amount : 



Human race, 21,056,667 equivalent to 8,406,308") 

 Horses, - 1,000,000 ll,200,OOoC.effective 



Oxen and cows, 6,973,000 17,432,0001 labourers. 



Asses, 240,000 240,000-) 



Total, 37,278,308 



And proceeding in the same way with regard to 

 Britain, we shall find, 



Human race, 5,000,000 equivalent to 2,132,4467 ff t - 

 Horses, - 1,250,000 s . 750 000 CKhourers 



Oxen, &c. - 5,500,000 13,750,000 3 laD 



Total, 24,632,446 

 Approximating estimate for 



Ireland, - - - 7,455,701 



Total for the United Kingdom, 32,088,147 



Now, taking the proportion of this total force of 

 24,632,446 to the human force applicable to agricul- 

 ture, we find it to be as 12 to 1 : that is, the agricul- 

 turists of England and Scotland have discovered the 

 means of creating a force twelve times the amount of 

 their personal corporeal force, by the use they make 

 of domestic animals, while the additional force ob- 

 tained through similar means by the French agricul- 

 turists does not amount to five times their own. 



The case is the same in regard to manufactures. 

 The forces employed in commerce and manufacturing 

 industry in the two countries may be thus stated : 



Human force, 

 Brute force, 



France. 

 4,203,019 

 2,100,000 



6,303,019 



Approximating estimate for 

 Ireland, ... 



Britain. 

 4,264,893 

 1,750,000 



6,014,893 



1,260,604 



effective work- 

 ing men. 



Commercial and manufacturing 

 animate power of the United 

 Kingdom, - - - 7,275,497 



To these animate powers should be joined also, in 

 the case of both countries, the inanimate power, or the 

 force supplied by water, wind, and steam. When this 

 is done, the total commercial and manufacturing power 

 of the two countries will stand thus 



France. Great Britain. 



Animate force, 6,303,019 7,275,497 men 



" Mills and hydrau- power. 



lic engines, 1,500,000 1,200,000 



Windmills, 253,333 240,000 



Wind and navigation, 3,000,000 12,000,000 



Steam engines, 480,000 6,400,000 



Total force, 

 Ireland, 



11,536,352 27,115,497 

 1,002,667 



Total for the United Kingdom, 28,118,164 



Thus the total of the inanimate force applied to the 

 arts of all descriptions in France, scarcely exceeds the 

 fourth of the same power applied to the same pur- 

 poses in Great Britain ; and the whole animate and 

 inanimate power of Great Britain, applied to manu- 

 factures and commerce, is nearly treble the amount oi 

 that so applied in France, notwithstanding that the 

 population of France is to that of Great Britain as 

 nearly three to two. 



In Great Britain the number of individuals in a 

 state to bear arms, from the age of fifteen to sixty, is 

 2,744,847. The number of marriages is about 98,030 

 yearly ; and it has been remarked that in every sixty- 

 Jiree of these unions there were only three which had 

 no issue. The number of deaths is about 332,708 

 yearly, which makes nearly 25,592 monthly, 6,398 

 weekly, 914 daily, and 40 hourly. The deaths among 

 the women are in proportion to those of the men as 

 fifty to fifty-four. The married women live longer 

 than those who continue in celibacy. In the country, 

 the mean term of the number of children produced by 

 each marriage is four ; in towns the proportion is seven 

 for every two marriages. The number of married 

 women is to the general number of individuals of the 

 sex as one to three ; and the number of married men 

 to that of all the individuals of the male sex, as three 

 to five. The number of widows is to that of widowers 

 as three to one ; but the number of widows who marry 

 again is to that of widowers in the same case as seven 

 to four. The individuals who inhabit elevated situa- 

 tions live longer than those who reside in less ele- 

 vated places. The half of the individuals die before 

 attaining the age of seventeen years. The number 

 of twins is to that of ordinary births as one to sixty 

 five. According to calculations, founded upon the 

 bills of mortality, one individual only in 3,126 attains 

 the age of a hundred years. The number of births 

 of the male sex is to that of the female sex as ninety- 

 six to ninety-five. M. Balbi calculates that of the 

 population of Great Britain there are more than fifty 

 in every hundred who reside in towns; while in 

 France there are only about thirty-three ; in the 

 Prussian States twenty-seven ; and in Russia some- 

 what more than twelve. The same ingenious statist, 

 in his work entitled " La Monarchic Frangaise com- 

 paree aux principaux Etats du Globe," published in 

 Paris, in 1828, has furnished the following curious 

 comparative statistics : 



Relation borne by the Army to the People. 



In Great Britain there is one soldier to 



every . . . 229 inhabitants. 



In France, . . 13S 



In the United States, . 1,977 



In the Russian empire, . . 77 



In the Prussian monarchy, 80 



In the empire of Austria, . 118 



In the Netherlands, . . 142 



The Fleet to the Population. 

 In Great Britain there is one vessel of the 



line, or frigate, to every . 82,979 inhabitants. 

 In Prance, . 290,909 



In the United States, . 316,000 



In the Russian empire, . 686,250 



In the Austrian empire, . 2,909,091 



In the Netherlands, . 170,556 



Army. At the close of the late war, in 1814, the 

 army immediately belonging to the empire, and ex- 

 clusive of foreign troops in British pay, amounted to 

 897,497 men, viz. 



Regular troops, . . . 226,367 



Regular militia, . . . . 93,212 



Army of India (including 20,000 British soldiers) 213,454 

 Local militia of Great Britain, . 196,446 . 



Volunteers in Great Britain, . . 88,000 



Militia and Yeomanry in Ireland, . - 80,000 



Total, 897,479 



If to the above troops were added the number of 

 foreign troops and subsidiaries in the pay of Great 

 Britain at that time, the total military force of the 

 empire must have exceeded 1,000,000 of men. In the 

 army estimates for 1829, the total land forces of Great 

 Britain were estimated at 109,442 men ; of whom 

 19,719 were employed in the East India company's 

 territories. The total expense of the army for the 

 year ending 5th January, 1828, was 7,876,682, and 

 the estimated expense for 1829 was 7,034,853, in- 

 4P 



