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BRUGES BKUHL. 



state of the country required vigorous measures. The 

 Scottish nobles had encroached on tin- possession* of 

 the king and the commons. The king called upon 

 them to show the titles by which they held their 

 lands. tt By these," Uiey exclaimed, drawing their 

 swords, " we have acquired our lands, nnd with these 

 we will preserve them!" King Uolx'rt was once 

 more obliged to defend his territories from the Eng- 

 lish, who, encouraged by these disputes, had again 

 passed the Scottish borders. On the plains of Byland, 

 1323, he gained another memorable victory over those 

 formidable enemies. On the accession of Edward 

 HI., 1329, he obtained from that king the recognition 

 of the independence of Scotland, and the renunciation 

 of all claims of sovereignty on the part of the English. 

 He diet! in the course of the same year. Under the 

 article Scotland, a more extended view will be taken 

 of the transactions of this heroic prince, as they all 

 belong to the most memorable and glorious period of 

 Scottish history. 



BUDGES ; a city of the Netherlands, and capital of 

 West Flanders, situated about six miles from the sea. 

 It is the centre of an extensive canal commerce. 

 The principal canals are those which lead to Sluys 

 and Ostend, on the latter of which vessels of 300 tons 

 can come up to B. In the fourteenth century, it was 

 one of the chief commercial places in Europe, and an 

 important member of the Hanseatic confederacy. 

 Towards the end of the .fifteenth century, it began to 

 decline. It now carries on a considerable trade with 

 the north of Europe. The population is about 34,300. 

 The exchange is supposed to have been one of the 

 earliest establishments of the kind in Europe, and is 

 still a fine building. B. has also a chamber of com- 

 merce, a large insurance company, a navigation 

 school, and a dock-yard ; likewise an academy of 

 painting, sculpture, and architecture ; a national lite- 

 rary society, &c., and many valuable specimens of 

 architecture and sculpture. In the church of Notre 

 Dame, with its elevated spire, are the splendid tombs 

 of Charles the Bold, and of Mary of Burgundy, his 

 daughter, constructed in 1550. Philip the Good here 

 founded the order of the golden fleece, in 1430 ; and 

 the celebrated John van Eyk, or John of Bruges, the 

 supposed inventor of painting in oil, was born here. 

 (See Collection de Gravures au Trait representant les 

 principaux Mon. d' Architect, et de Sculpt, de Bruges, 

 depuis le lime jusmC au lime Siecle. 1824.) The 

 chief articles manufactured at B. are lace and linen. 

 It also exports much grain, and, when the British 

 ports are open, immense quantities are shipped. Lat. 

 Sl'l^N.; Ion. 314'E. 



BBJOMANS, Sebald Justinus; a learned Dutchman, 

 physician-in-chief of the army, of the marine, and of 

 the colonies ; member of the institute of the Nether- 

 lands, and of many learned societies. He was born 

 at Franeker, in 1763, and graduated, in 1781, at 

 Groningen. His dissertations, Lithologia Gronmgia- 

 na ; On hurtful and poisonous Plants in Pastures ; 

 On the Symptoms of Decay in Trees, and De Puoge- 

 nia, in 1785, procured him distinction. He became 

 professor of philosophy and physics in Franeker, 

 where he formed a cabinet of comparative anatomy, 

 one of the first in Europe. In 1795, he went to 

 Leyden as professor of chemistry. His labours for 

 the organization of the medical department of the 

 army commenced in 1794. He was an active contri- 

 butor to the Pharmacopoeia Batava. King Louis 

 made him his physician, and confirmed all his institu- 

 tions. After the union of Holland with France, Na- 

 poleon made him inspector-general of the hospitals, 

 and rector of the university of Leyden, for which he 

 procured large sums of money from the state, and, in 

 later times, the return of its collection of natural 

 history from Paris. During the many years he was 



director of the military hospital, the number of deads 

 by wounds and diseases was never increased by hos- 

 pital fevers. After the battle of Waterloo, he prompt- 

 ly procured medical aid for more than 20,000 wounded 

 men. His treatise On the Nature of the Miasma ot 

 Hospital Fever gained the prize of the academy in 

 Haarlem. His original views on the organization of 

 fishes are to be found in the transactions of the na- 

 tional institute of the Netherlands. lie died in ISh). 



Burin., Frederic Aloysius, count of, born at Dres- 

 den, 1739, was the son of Henry count of Bruhl, 

 described in the next article, but very unlike liis 

 father. Educated by Ins mother, an estimable and 

 enlightened lady, with prudence and strictness, and 

 happily endowed by nature, he became the ideal of 

 an accomplished man of the world. He was remark- 

 able for his beauty and strength, wrote and spoke 

 almost all the European languages, was skilled in 

 music, painted with taste, and was well acquainted 

 with mathematics and gunnery. He wrought a whole 

 year incognito in a cannon foundery. His activity 

 and temperance were both extraordinary. He excel- 

 led in writing, and still more in conversation. 



BRUHL, Henry, count of, minister of Augustus III., 

 king of Poland and elector of Saxony, was born in 

 1700, in Thuringia. His family not being very rich, 

 he entered, as a page, the service of the duche^ 

 Elizabeth, whose favour, as well as that of Augustus 

 II., he gained by his lively and graceful manners. 

 On the death of the king, at Warsaw, in 1733, the 

 crown of Poland, with the other regalia, being, through 

 the good fortune of B., intrusted to him, he carried 

 them immediately to the new elector, Augustus III., 

 and showed the greatest activity in promoting his 

 election. From this time, fortune never deserted 

 him. He had cunning and skill sufficient to govern 

 his master and get rid of his rivals. While he felt 

 himself not sufficiently powerful to remove his rival, 

 count Sulkowski, he acted as his friend ; but, after 

 his marriage with the countess Kollowrath, the fa- 

 vourite of the queen, he effected the dismissal of 

 Sulkowski through her influence. He now succeeded 

 in keeping every body at a distance from the king. 

 No servant entered his service without the consent of 

 B. ; and, even when he went to the chapel, all ap- 

 proach to him was prevented. The monarch's wish 

 that his minister should make a great parade was 

 gratified in its widest extent. B. kept 200 domestics ; 

 his guards were better paid than those of the king 

 himself, and his table more sumptuous. Frederic II. 

 says of him, " B. had more garments, watches, laces, 

 boots, shoes, and slippers, than any man of the age. 

 Caesar would.have counted him among those curled 

 and perfumed heads which he did not fear ;" but 

 Augustus III. was no Caesar. When this idle prince 

 loitered about, smoking, and asked, without looking 

 at his favourite, " Bruhl, have 1 any money?" " Yes, 

 sire," was the continual answer ; and, to satisfy the 

 king's demands, he exhausted the state, plunged the 

 country into debts, and greatly reduced the army. 

 At the beginning of the seven years' war, it com- 

 prised but 17,000 men, and these were compelled to 

 surrender, at Pirna, from want of the necessary sup- 

 plies. B. fled with the king, the pictures, and the 

 china, to Poland ; but the archives of the state were 

 left to the victor. He was no less avaricious of titles 

 and money than of power. He died a few weeks after 

 his king, in 1763. An examination, after his death, 

 showed that he owed his immense fortune to the 

 prodigality of the king, rather than to unlawful means 

 of accumulation. His own profusion was often bene- 

 ficial to the arts and sciences. He had four sons. 

 An account of the eldest is contained in the preceding 

 article. 



BRUHL, John Maurice, nephew of the minister, died 





