BRUNSWICK. 



733 



efficient means to enforce its decree. The king of 

 Saxony was about moving his troops towards Bruns- 

 wick, when the death of tlie king of England sus- 

 pended his arrangements ; and the subsequent con- 

 duct ol the duke, within his own dominions, rendered 

 unnecessary the further action of any external force. 

 As his royal highness had manifested no more wisdom 

 in the government of his duchy than in his transactions 

 abroad, he was naturally apprehensive lest the popu- 

 lar movements which occurred in France and Bel- 

 gium, during the summer of 1830, should be imitated 

 elsewhere to his prejudice. To guard against an in- 

 surrection in liis capital, he had placed cannon in se- 

 veral parts of the town ; but, on his return from the 

 theatre on the 6th of September, he was attacked by 

 the mob, from whose fury he only escaped by pro- 

 mising to comply with all their demands. These 

 were, first, the removal of the cannon ; second, the 

 confirmation of the constitution granted under the 

 guardianship of the king of England ; third, a stipu- 

 lation not to run away, to evade the edict of the diet ; 

 fourth, not to send away his money. The duke, not- 

 withstanding his forced assent, having refused, the 

 next morning, to fulfill his pledge, and intimated that 

 he should employ the cannon to maintain his authority, 

 the insurrectionists proceeded to substantiate their 

 claims by force. The military refused to fire on the 

 citizens : the duke's palace was burned ; and he es- 

 caped to the frontiers. The brother of the duke was 

 immediately proclaimed sovereign ; and he continues 

 to reign as such, with the concurrence of all the prin- 

 cipal courts. 



The revenue, exclusive of Dels (q. v.), is 2,000,000 

 florins. The circumstances and manners of the inha- 

 bitants resemble those of the adjacent countries. 

 Most of the people are Lutherans. The whole num- 

 ber of Catholics and Calvinists does not probably ex- 

 ceed 4000. The ducal house is Lutheran. 



Brunswick has, with Nassau, one vote in the diet of 

 the German states ; and lias, by itself, two votes in 

 the general assembly. Its contingent of troops to the 

 army of the confederacy is 2096 men. The most im- 

 portant articles of trade and manufacture are corn, 

 rape-seed, flax, tobacco, chicory, hops, madder, and 

 wood. The country raises sheep, swine, goats, poul- 

 try, and bees, in sufficient quantities to supply the in- 

 habitants. Some fat cattle and horses are imported. 

 In the forests there are wild boars, deer, hares, heath- 

 cocks, black-cocks, partridges, and hazel grouse ; but, 

 as no attempts are made to preserve the game, the 

 quantity gradually decreases. The mountainous tracts 

 yield iron, copper, salt, marble, coal, porcelain earth, 

 and other minerals. In the Rammelsberg are found 

 silver, copper, lead, arsenic, vitriol, and sulphur, and 

 small quantities of gold. Large tracts are covered 

 with peat, in the sandy regions of the northern dis- 

 tricts. The breweries and distilleries of spirit, the 

 spinning of linen yarn, (the most extensive branch of 

 industry,) the manufacture of linen and leather, the 

 preparation of paper, soap, tobacco, seal-ammoniac, 

 madder, and chicory, afford the principal employment 

 of the people. The lackered wares and porcelain of 

 B. are famous even in foreign countries. B. , the ca- 

 pital, is the centre ofrtrade. The country is provided 

 with good roads. 



BRUNSWICK, capital of the duchy of the same name, 

 is situated on the Ocker, and contains 3041 houses, 

 with 32,500 inhabitants. It was formerly one of the 

 free cities of Germany, but it is now subject to the 

 duke, and has been the ducal residence since 1754. 

 The principal buildings are the ducal palace, the mint, 

 the house in which the diet assembles, the town-house, 

 the arsenal, and the cathedral, the public wine-cellars. 

 The collegium Carolinum was founded in 1745, and 

 intended as a medium between the common schools 



and the universities. It has enjoyed a high reputation 

 even in foreign countries, particularly in England ana 

 Russia. The principal manufactures are wool, yam, 

 linen, porcelain, pasteboard, paper hangings, and che- 

 mical preparations. The traffic in home produce, and 

 the carrying trade, are of some consequence, and the 

 great Brunswick fairs rank next to those of Leipsic 

 and Frankfort. Lat. 52 16' K. , Ion. 10 29' 30 1 ' E. 



BRUNSWICK ; a post town of Maine, in the United 

 States of America, in Cumberland county, on the south- 

 west side of the Androscosgin, twenty-six miles N. E. 

 of Portland; lat. 43" 53' N. ; Ion. 69 55' W.; popu- 

 lation, 2931. The falls of the Androscoggin, at this 

 place, afford excellent seats for several mills and manu- 

 factories. Bowdoin college, in this town, was incor- 

 porated in 1794, and went into operation in 1802. It 

 is pleasantly situated on an elevated plain, about half 

 a mile from the Androscoggin, is a well endowed and 

 flourishing institution, and has a medical school con- 

 nected with it. The officers, in 1829, consisted of a 

 president, a professor of mathematics, natural philo- 

 sophy, chemistry, and mineralogy, a professor of the 

 learned languages, a professor of moral and intellec- 

 tual philosophy. 



BRUNSWICK, NEW. See New Brunswick. 



BRUNSWICK, Charles William Ferdinand, duke of, 

 was born in 1735. He was the eldest son of the reign- 

 ing duke Charles of Brunswick and a sister of Fre- 

 derick the Great. At the age of seven, his education 

 was committed to the abbe Jerusalem, then chaplain 

 to the court at Wolfenbuttel. At the age of twelve, 

 he entered, under the superintendence of Jerusalem, 

 the collegium Carolinum, then recently established. 

 His tutor was the chamberlain von Wittorf a man of 

 talents, but without principle. His ambition was early 

 kindled by the achievements of Frederick II. The 

 seven years' war afforded him the first opportunity of 

 cultivating his military talents. He commanded the 

 Brunswick troops in the allied army, and, in the fatal 

 battle at Hastenbeck, July 28th, 1757, in which he 

 recaptured a battery that had been taken by the 

 French in the centre of the allied army, " he showed" 

 (such was the expression of Frederick) " that nature 

 had destined him for a hero." June 23d, 1758, he 

 decided the victory of Crefeld. H<? took the most 

 active part in all the enterprises of his uncle Ferdi- 

 nand ; and Frederick's esteem for him continued to 

 increase, as appears from his Geschichtc des Sielen- 

 jahrigen Kriegs (History of the Seven Years' War), 

 and his Ode auf den Erbprinzen von Braunschweig 

 (Ode on the hereditary Prince of Brunswick). In 1764, 

 he married the princess Augusta of England. Having 

 early become acquainted with the real situation of his 

 native country, and drawn salutary instruction from 

 the constant embarrassments of his father, before he 

 entered upon the government, he practised the great- 

 est economy, living mostly retired from public busi- 

 ness, and devoted to the arts and sciences. In 1773, 

 he entered the Prussian service, and became general 

 of infantry, but had no opportunity of cultivating his 

 military talents. After the death of his father (in 

 1780), he entered upon the government with zeal and 

 activity. Anxious above all for the improvement ot 

 the finances, he diminished his household, discharged 

 the debts of the state, encouraged agriculture, ex- 

 tended the liberty of commerce, undertook or assisted 

 in the erection of considerable buildings, and. by 

 causing Italian operas, masquerades, &c., to be exhi- 

 bited gratis, provided also for the amusement of the 

 public. Yet, with the best intentions, he was often 

 unsuccessful. This was the case with his plans for 

 the improvement of public education. He invited 

 men of learning into the country at great expense, 

 but, the projected reformation having met with innu- 

 merable obstacles, they became a burden to the state. 



