BRUNSWICK BRUSSELS. 



735 



Dresden and Leipsic, with his black hussars. The 

 duke, in conjunction with the Austrian general Am 

 Ende, forced his way from Dresden to Franconia, 

 whither the Austrians, under Kienmayer, had pene- 

 trated from Bohemia. After the armistice of Znaim 

 (July 12), the Austrians again evacuated Dresden, 

 which they had occupied for the second time, and re- 

 treated behind the frontiers of Bohemia. But the 

 duke, renouncing his alliance with the emperor of 

 Austria, advanced with his corps, consisting of 1500 

 men, among whom were 700 horse, from Altenberg, 

 towards Leipsic. After a slight skirmish with the 

 garrison there, he continued his march to Halle, 

 where he arrived July 27, and immediately pushed on 

 to Halberstadt. where he arrived July 30. The 

 Westphalian colonel Wellingerode, with the fifth regi- 

 ment of infantry, had entered the place the same 

 morning. Although this regiment made a gallant 

 resistance, it was overpowered, and its commander 

 taken prisoner. The duke then proceeded to Bruns- 

 wick, his native city, where he arrived July 31, and 

 bivouacked on the ramparts. He did not allow him- 

 self any rest, for he was closely pursued on all sides. 

 The Westphalian general Reubel assembled F4000 

 men of his division at Ohof, in the vicinity of Bruns- 

 wick ; general Gratien, with a Dutch division, had 

 set out from Erfurt ; and the Danish general Ewald, 

 marching from Glnckstadt into the territories of 

 Hanover, crossed the Elbe in order to cover that 

 river. Aug. 1, Reubel met the duke not far from 

 Brunswick, near the village of Oelper, and an action 

 ensued (the llth since he had left Saxony), in which 

 a corps of 4000 men not only retreated before 1500, 

 but also opened to them the only way by which they 

 could escape. Aug. 2, the duke left Brunswick. 

 From the road he took, it was conjectured that he 

 would march towards Celle, whither he was pursued, 

 therefore, by the Westphalian troops. Instead, how- 

 ever, of doing this, he took his way through Hano- 

 ver immediately to Nieuberg, crossed the Weser,and, 

 having destroyed the bridges behind him, marched 

 down the river. He reached Hoya, Aug. 4, and 

 hastened his march upon the left bank of the Weser, 

 while part of his corps, to make a demonstration, 

 turned towards Bremen. Here the black hussars en- 

 tered on the 5th, and occupied the gates, but on the 

 next day continued their march. Meantime the duke 

 advanced through the territory of Oldenburg. He 

 passed the night of the 5th of August at Delmen- 

 horst, and appeared to be directing his course to East 

 Friesland, in order to embark there. But, contrary 

 to expectation, he crossed, at Huntebruck, the small 

 river Hunte, which falls into the Weser, seized the 

 merchant ships which were lying at Elsfleth, princi- 

 pally unloaded, embarked his troops in the night of 

 the 6th, leaving behind the horses, and procuring, in 

 that country, which is inhabited by seamen, the ne- 

 cessary sailors by force. On the 7th, in the morning, 

 the duke himself, having the British flag hoisted, set 

 sail, and, on the 8th, landed at Heligoland, whence 

 he sailed, on the llth, with his corps, for England. 

 In England, the duke was received with great dis- 

 tinction. His corps immediately entered the British 

 service, and was afterwards employed in Portugal 

 and Spain. The parliament granted him a pension 

 of 6000, until he returned to his hereditary domin- 

 ions, Dec. 22, 1813. He was a prince of an uncom- 

 monly open character. In his hereditary states, he 

 acted with the best intentions; but his frequent 

 errors disappointed the great expectations which had 

 been formed of him, and narrow-minded counsellors 

 contributed to lead him astray. He wished to sow 

 and reap at the same time. His military spirit and 

 penetrating mind led him to foresee new dangers 

 fi om the great oppressor of Europe. His great pre- 



parations must be explained from this view of circum- 

 stances in 1814 and 1815. His finances were thrown 

 into great disorder by his maintaining so many troops; 

 and even the interest of the public debt was not 

 paid. Thus he became unpopular as the sovereign 

 of a country which had been prosperous under his 

 father's sceptre. The events of 1815 called him 

 again to arms, and he fell, June 16, 1815. Caroline, 

 queen of England, the unfortunate wife of George 

 IV., was a sister of this gallant prince. 



BRUNSWICK, M. J. Leopold, prince of, major-general 

 in the Prussian service, youngest son of duke Charles 

 of Brunswick, was born at Wolfenbuttel in 1752, 

 and instructed by the abbe Jerusalem. He studied 

 in Strasburg military science and other branches of 

 knowledge, travelled through Italy under the care of 

 Lessing, and entered the Prussian service, 1776, as 

 commander of a regiment of foot, at Frankfort on the 

 Oder. In this city, where he resided after his return 

 from the Bavarian war of succession in 1779, he 

 gained universal esteem by his amiable character, his 

 talents, and his zeal for literature. In 1780, Frank- 

 fort was preserved, by his activity, from an inunda- 

 tion which threatened to overthrow the dikes and 

 deluge the suburbs. He displayed the same vigilance 

 on the occasion of several conflagrations, with which 

 this city was afflicted. He visited the poor in their 

 most miserable haunts, and his life was devoted to 

 works of benevolence. He fell a sacrifice to his 

 humanity in the inundation of 1785, in which he was 

 drowned while hastening to the assistance of the 

 suburbs. The monuments that have been erected to 

 him will bear witness to future generations of the 

 esteem of his contemporaries. 



BRUNTON, Mary, an ingenious novelist, was the 

 daughter of colonel Thomas Balfour, and was born 

 in the island of Barra, in Orkney, in 1778. In her 

 twentieth year, she married Dr Alexander Brunton, 

 minister at Bolton, near Haddington, afterwards at 

 Edinburgh. She was the authoress of " Discipline " 

 and "Self-Control;" two novels which took well 

 with the public. She died in 1818, leaving " Em- 

 meline " a tale, and other pieces, which were pub- 

 lished by Dr Brunton, with a biographical sketch of 

 the authoress. 



BRUSH-WHEELS. In light machinery, wheels some- 

 times turn each other by means of bristles or brushes 

 fixed to their circumference. They may, also, com- 

 municate circular motion by friction only. The sur- 

 face brought in contact is then formed of the end 

 grain of wood, or is covered with an elastic substance, 

 and the wheels are pressed together to increase the 

 friction. 



BRUSSELS, formerly one of the capitals of the king- 

 dom of the Netherlands, and now, since the separation 

 of Holland and Belgium, the capital of the latter 

 country. During twenty years, from 1794 to 1814, it 

 was in the possession of the French, and the chief 

 town in the department of the Dyle. It is the royal 

 residence, and the place of meeting of the states-gen- 

 eral of the kingdom. It is a favourite resort of the Eng- 

 lish, many of whom have resided here since the peace 

 of 1814. The gloomy forest of Soignies, so memor- 

 able since the battle of Waterloo, lies on the south and 

 southwest of the town. It was formerly surrounded 

 by a wall, which has been demolished, and the 

 ramparts laid out in public walks. The upper part 

 of the city is magnificent The park is a spacious 

 square, laid out with shaded walks, and surrounded 

 by the palaces, public offices, and principal private 

 houses. In the lower part, lying on a plain, watered 

 by the Senne, the streets are narrow and crowded, but 

 the great market-place is very beautiful. This part 

 of the city is intersected by several canals, connected 

 with the Senne, and the great Scheldt canal. The 



