BRUYERE BUCCANEERS. 



737 



condemned, and the people had taken up arms against 

 them. B. and Cassius having, with difficulty, subdued 

 the Lycians and Rhodians, returned to Europe to op- 

 pose the triumviri. (Plutarch informs us, that a spirit 

 appeared to B., on his march from Sardis to Abydos, 

 in Asia Minor.) The army passed over the Helles- 

 pont, and 19 legions and 20,000 cavalry were assem- 

 bled on the plains of Philippi, in Macedonia, whither 

 also, the triumvirs, Antony and Octavianus, marched 

 with their legions. Although the Roman historians 

 do not agree in their accounts of the battle of Philippi, 

 so much as this appears certain, that Cassius was 

 beaten by Antony, and caused himself to be killed by 

 a slave ; that B. fought with greater success against 

 the division of the army commanded by Octavianus, 

 who was hindered by indisposition from conducting 

 the battle in person ; that B., after the engagement, 

 took possession of an advantageous situation, where it 

 was difficult for an attack to be made upon him ; that 

 he was induced, by the ardour of his soldiers, to re- 

 new the contest, and was a second time unsuccessful. 

 He was totally defeated, escaped with only a few 

 friends, passed the night iri a cave, and, as he saw his 

 cause irretrievably ruined, ordered Strato, one of his 

 confidants, to kill him. Strato refused, a long time, 

 to perform the command ; but, seeing B. resolved, he 

 turned away his face, and held his sword, while B. 

 fell upon it. Thus died B. (A. C. 42), in the forty- 

 third year of his age. 



BRUYERE, John de la, the famous author of the 

 Characters and Manners of his age, was born, 1639, 

 in a village near Dourdan, not far from Paris. He 

 purchased the place of treasurer at Caen ; but, a 

 short time after, through the influence of Bossuet, he 

 was employed in the education of the duke of Bur- 

 gundy, with a pension of 3000 livres, and was attached 

 to his person during the remainder of his life. In 

 1G87, he translated the Character of Theophrastus into 

 French, with much elegance, and accompanied them 

 with a succession of characters, in which he repre- 

 sented the manners of his time with great accuracy, 

 and in a style epigrammatical, ingenious, and witty. 

 B. often took his characters from living persons, al- 

 though he denied it, and seems, by this means, to 

 have gained many enemies. He was a man of plea- 

 sant manners and amiable disposition. In 1693, he 

 was elected a member of the French academy, with 

 some opposition, and died in 1696. 



BRCYN, Corneille le, a painter and traveller, born at 

 the Hague in 1652, went, in 1674, to Rome, where 

 he studied his art for two years and a half. He then 

 followed his inclination for travelling ; visited Naples, 

 and other cities of Italy, embarked for Smyrna, tra- 

 velled through Asia Minor, Egypt, and the islands of 

 the Archipelago, noting down and drawing all that he 

 found worthy of his attention. He afterwards settled 

 in Venice, and became a disciple of Carlo Lotti. In 

 1 693, he returned to his native country, and published 

 his travels in 1698. The favourable reception of this 

 work excited in him the desire to travel anew. He visit- 

 ed, in 1701 and the following years, Russia, Persia 

 Indiay Ceylon, and other Asiatic islands. In Russia, he 

 painted Peter the Great and different princes of his 

 family; in 1706, in Batavia, some of the principa 

 men. In 1780, he returned to his country, where he 

 published an account of his second journey, the value 

 of which, like that of the first, consists more in the 

 beauty and correctness of the drawings than in the 

 trustworthiness of the statements. During the rest of 

 his life, Le B. was occupied exclusively with his art, 

 passed his time alternately at the Hague and at Am- 

 sterdam, and died at Utrecht, in the house of his friend 

 Bnd protector van Mollem. 



BRYANT, Jacob, a philologist and antiquary, was 

 born at Plymouth in 1715, and died in 1804, at his 



country-seat, near Windsor. He studied at Eton and 

 lambridge, became afterwards tutor of the sons of 

 ,he famous duke of Marlborough, the eldest of whom 

 le also accompanied to the continent as his secretary. 

 After his return, he received, by the influence of his 

 matron, a lucrative post in the ordnance, which gave 

 lim leisure for his researches into Biblical, Roman, and 

 irecian antiquities. His most important work is the 

 ^ew System of Ancient Mythology, which appeared 

 n 3 vols. 4to, 1773 to 1776. Whatever may be the 

 ngenuity and the learning of the author, it is justly 

 objected, that he has taken conjectures for proofs, and, 

 in particular, that he has trusted too much to the de- 

 ceptive conclusions of etymology. He was engaged 

 n a famous dispute on the veracity of Homer and the 

 existence of Troy, in which he endeav oured to show, 

 that there never was such a city as Troy, and that the 

 whole expedition of the Greeks was a mere fiction ot 

 Homer. The object of one of his earlier treatises, 

 which appeared in 1767, is to show, that the island 

 Melita, on which Paul was wrecked, was not Malta, 

 but situated in the Adriatic. He endeavoured to illus- 

 trate the Scriptures by explanations drawn from Jose- 

 phus, from Philo the Jew, and from Justin Martyr ; 

 but in this, as in all his writings, his learning and his 

 ingenuity are misled by his love of controversy and 

 paradox. 



BUBNA, count of, descended from an old family in 

 Bohemia, was, early in life, the chamberlain of the 

 emperor of Austria, afterwards entered the military 

 service, and rose to the rank of field-marshal-lieuten- 

 ant. At the end of 1812, he was sent, by his court, 

 with extraordinary commissions, to Napoleon, at Paris, 

 and, in May, 1813, was sent again to him at Dresden. 

 In the war of 1813, he commanded an Austrian di- 

 vision with much honour, and, in 1814, received the 

 chief command of the Austrian army which was to 

 pass through Geneva to the south of France. Here 

 he showed as much caution in his movements as for- 

 bearance and humanity towards the inhabitants. He 

 advanced upon Lyons, which was defended by mar- 

 shal Augereau, but was unsuccessful in his attacks 

 upon the city, till the corps of Bianchi and Hessen- 

 Homberg came to his assistance, upon which the 

 prince of Hessen-Homberg took the chief command. 

 B. remained at Lyons till the return of the allied 

 forces, and then retired to Vienna. After the land- 

 ing of Napoleon in 1815, he again led a corps, under 

 Frimont, against Lyons, and in Savoy opposed mar- 

 shal Suchet, till Paris was conquered, and the mar- 

 shal retreated beyond Lyons. He then took posses- 

 sion of Lyons without opposition, established a 

 court-martial to punish the disturbers of public order, 

 and proceeded with greater severity than on his for- 

 mer campaign. In September, he marched back to 

 Austria, and received, for his services, valuable estates 

 in Bohemia, from his emperor. In the insurrection of 

 Piedmont (q. v.), 1821, the count de B. received the 

 chief command of the Austrian troops destined to re- 

 store the ancient government. After the accomplish- 

 ment of this commission, he was appointed general 

 commandant of Lombardy. He died at Milan, June 

 6, 1825, in the 56th year of his age. 



BUCCANEERS ; a band of English and French free- 

 booters in America, whose exploits form one of the 

 most remarkable parts of the history of the 17th cen- 

 tury. After the assassination of Henry IV., in France, 

 in 1610, several Frenchmen sought a residence on the 

 island of St Christopher, one of the Antilles. Driven 

 thence in 1630, some of them fled to the western 

 coast -of St Domingo, others to the small island of 

 Tortugas, in the vicinity. Several Englishmen, led 

 by a similar disposition, associated themselves with 

 the latter. The fugitive^ at St Domingo employed 

 themselves especially in the ch&se of wud cattle, of 



