BUCHEll BUCKINGHAM. 



745 



B., if, indeed, Yarkand is not merely another name 

 for Ciishgar, and the other provinces, are little known 

 Both sexes wear long drawers, and a garment reach- 

 ing to the calf, bound round the waist by a girdle 

 The women dye their nails with henna. The house; 

 are chiefly of stone, and furnished with articles o 

 Chinese manufacture. Tea is the general beverage 

 taken, in the manner of Central Asia, with milk, but- 

 ter, and salt. 



BUCHER, Anthony von, a well known and much es- 

 teemed Catholic writer against the Jesuits, was born 

 in Munich, Jan. 8. 1746, educated in the Latin schools 

 of the Jesuits, studied at Ingoldstadt, and was conse- 

 crated priest in 1768. In his different offices as a pub- 

 lic teacher, he has done a great deal to instruct and 

 enlighten his country. His contributions to the history 

 of the Jesuits in Bavaria (Beitrage zur Geschichte der 

 Jesuitcn in Baiern) are of great historical value. His 

 works were published in six vols., Munich, 1819, et 

 seq. 



BUCK ; the male of (he fallow deer, also of rabbits 

 and other animals. See Deer, Rabbit, &c. 

 BUCKERBURG. See Lippe. 

 BUCKETS, in water-wheels, are a series of cavities 

 into which the water is delivered, on the circumference 

 of the wheel to be set in motion. By the revolution 

 of the wheel, the buckets will be alternately erected 

 so as to receive water, and inverted so as to discharge 

 it ; the loaded side will descend, and present the 

 empty buckets in succession to the current, and thus 

 keep up a constant revolution of the wheel. 



BUCKINCK, Arnold, the first artist who engraved 

 geographical maps on copper. He brought this art to 

 a high degree of perfection. Schweynheym, one of 

 the earliest printers, wished to publish an edition of 

 Ptolemy. Wood cuts were too imperfect for the maps 

 contained in the expensive manuscripts of it. Sweyn- 

 heym determined to engrave them on copper, and, for 

 that purpose, associated himself with B. The former 

 died during the progress of the work. B. completed 

 it. The first edition of Ptolemy with maps (for the 

 edition of 1468 is certainly dated wrong) at length 

 appeared in folio, at Rome, 1478, and concluded as 

 follows : Claudii Ptolemeei Alexandrini philosophi geo- 

 grap/iium, Arnoldus Buckinck e Germania Romee ta- 

 bulis afneis in picturis formatam impressit sempiterno 

 ingenii artificiufue momtmento, &c. These charts are 

 also added to some Roman editions of Ptolemy pub- 

 lished afterwards. 



BUCKINGHAM, county of, or BUCKS ; an inland county 

 of England, which at its southernmost point ap- 

 proaches to within 12 or 14 miles of London. At the 

 Roman invasion it was inhabited by the British tribe, 

 called Cattieuchlani, and was included by the Romans 

 in the province of Flavia Caesariensis. It is supposed 

 to derive its present name from the Saxon word 

 Buccen, from the great number of deer which abound- 

 ed in its forests. The soil is for the greater part, a 

 strong black land, but in the north, towards the bor- 

 ders of Bedfordshire, it becomes interspersed with 

 gently-rising sandy hills. The vale of Aylesbury, 

 which is celebrated for its fertility, is chiefly devoted 

 to the grazing of cattle and sheep, more of which are 

 fed for the market in the northern than in the southern 

 parts of the county, the last being mostly overspread 

 by rich dairy farms, which supply the metropolis with 

 great quantities of butter. A large proportion of the 

 hay raised in this county is also sent to the metropolis. 

 The Chiltern hills on the south, which consist chiefly 

 of chalk, are celebrated for the growth of wheat, bar- 

 ley, oats, beans, and sainfoin ; various parts of them 

 are covered with wood, especially beech and elm. 

 About two-thirds of the population of this county i 

 are employed in agriculture, which has attained j 

 great perfection in the arable districts. The principal | 



rivers are the Ouse, the Thames, and the Coin. The 

 water communication of this shire is greatly bene- 

 fited by the Grand Junction Canal, which enters from 

 Hertfordshire, and passes through a considerable 

 portion of it into Northamptonshire. The county is 

 divided into eight hundreds, Ashenden, Ayles- 

 bury, Buckingham, Burnham, Cottesloe, Desborough, 

 Newton, and Stoke. The boroughs are six, viz. the 

 county towns of Buckingham and Aylesbury, where 

 the assizes are held alternately ; Agmondesham, 

 Chipping- Wycomb, Wendover, and Great Marlow. 

 The additional market-towns are, Beaconsfield- 

 Chesham, Colnbrook, Ivingho, Newport- Pagnell, Ol- 

 ney, Stony-Stratford, and Winslow. The manufac- 

 tures of this county are chiefly paper, thread-lace, and 

 straw-plaiting ; the last two of which branches em- 

 ploy a great number of females. This county gives 

 the title of earl to the noble family of Hobart. Po- 

 pulation in 1831, 146,529. 



BUCKINGHAM ; a county town, borough, and parish, 

 locally situated in the hundred of the same name, but 

 possessing separate jurisdiction. It is seated on the 

 river Ouse ; and consists chiefly of brick houses, irre- 

 gularly built, and scattered over a large extent of 

 ground, on the side and bottom of a hill, with no pub- 

 lic buildings worthy notice, except the town hall and 

 church. It is a very ancient place, and is mentioned 

 by Bishop Kennet, as the spot where Aulus Plautius 

 defeated Caractacus. In 918, Edward the Elder re- 

 sided here, and built two forts to protect it from the 

 Danes. It was made by Edward III. a mart for wool; 

 but the trade being removed to Calais, it again de- 

 clined ; and in the reign of Henry VIII. it was fur- 

 ther injured by the removal of the assizes to Ayles- 

 bury, from which it has, however, obtained back those 

 held in summer. The chief manufacture is that of 

 thread-lace. The town has given the title of duke to 

 the families of Stafford, Vifiiers, and Sheffield; as 

 it does at present to that of Grenville. Population in 

 1831, 3610. 



BUCKINGHAM, George Villiers, duke of; the unwor- 

 thy favourite of James I. and Charles I. of England ; 

 was born, 1592, at Brookesby, in Leicestershire, of a 

 family which came thither, from Normandy, in the time 

 of William the Conqueror. In his youth he showed 

 little taste or little aptitude for literature. Nature 

 had lavishly bestowed upon him beauty, ease, and 

 grace. By means of these qualities, he so effectually 

 won the affections of James I., that in less than two 

 years he was made a knight, a gentleman of the bed- 

 chamber, baron, viscount, marquis of B., lord high- 

 admiral, lord warden of the cinque ports, &c., and, at 

 last, dispenser of all the honours, offices, favours, and 

 revenues of the three kingdoms, according to the dic- 

 tates of his ambition, his cupidity, and his caprice. 

 The nation was indignant at seeing merit undervalued, 

 the people trampled upon, the nobility humbled, the 

 crown impoverished and degraded, to elevate and en- 

 rich a weak and insolent favourite. To complete the 

 catalogue of his misdeeds, B. became a traitor in 

 1623, the eighth year of his favour. He desired to 

 remove the Earl of Bristol, an able and virtuous mi- 

 nister, from office. Bristol was then negotiating the 

 marriage of a Spanish princess with the prince of 

 Wales, afterwards Charles I. The design of B. was, 

 not only to reconcile to himself the prince, against 

 whom he had dared to lift his hand in a fit of passion, 

 jut also to make him dependent upon himself, that 

 e might secure the continuance of his power, in case 

 of the death of James. He therefore inspired young 

 Charles with the romantic idea of going to Madrid 

 limself, and removing all the difficulties of negotia- 

 tion by his presence. The king's consent to this 

 measure was gained in an hour of weakness, and, 

 though he was long angry, on this account, with B., 



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