756 



BURGAS BURGLARY. 



by cnch bumrn, nml, nft*T tin- d>rn>Mon by bureaus, 

 the nine reporters meet, discuss the subject, and ap- 

 point one of their number to report to the whole 

 chamber, where the final discussion and decision of 

 the subject takes place. See Rfglement pour la 

 CAambre des Deputes, Paris, 1827, chap. v. 



BORU.AS, or BODRUAS ; a trading town of European 

 Turkey, on the Black sea, in the government of 

 Roumelia. The bay on which it stands is of sufficient 

 depth for large vessels, and the exports are grain, 

 iron, butter, wine, and also woollen goods, for Con- 

 stantinople. I,on. -21" 2& E. ; laL 42 31' N. 



BUHUKK, Godfrey Augustus, a celebrated German 

 poet, was born Jan. 1, 1748, at Wolmerswende, near 

 Halberstudt, when his father was a preacher, and 

 died June 18, 1794, at Gottingen. Before his tenth 

 year he learned nothing but reading and writing, but 

 showed a great predilection for solitary and gloomy 

 places, and began early to make verses, with no 

 other model than tliat afforded by hymn books. He 

 learned l.:uin with difficulty. In 1764 he studied 

 theology at the university of Halle, and, in 1768, he 

 went to (ioiiingen, in order to exchange theology for 

 law, but soon funned connexions here equally disad- 

 vantageous to his studies and his morals, so that his 

 grandfather, who had hitherto maintained him, with 

 drew his support from him. The friendship of several 

 distinguished young men at the university was now of 

 great service to him. In union with Ms friends he 

 studied the ancient classics and the best works in 

 French, Italian, Spanish, and English, particularly 

 Shukspeare, and the old English and Scottish ballads. 

 Percy's Relics was' his constant companion. His 

 poems soon attracted attention. In 177- he obtained, 

 by the influence of Boie, the small office of bailey in 

 Alten-Gleichen, and, by a reconciliation with his 

 grandfather, a sum for the payment of his debts, 

 which he unfortunately lost, and, during the rest of 

 his life, was involved in pecuniary difficulties. In 

 1774 he married the daughter of a neighbouring 

 bailey, named Leonhardt, but his marriage was unfor- 

 tunate. He conceived a violent passion {or the sister 

 of his wife, and married her, in 1784, soon after his 

 first wife's death. She also, his celebrated Molly, 

 died in the first year of their marriage. At the same 

 time he lost his little property by imprudent manage- 

 ment, and was obliged, by intrigues, to resign his 

 place. He was made professor extraordinary in 

 Gottingen, but received no salary, and this favourite 

 poet of the nation was obliged to gain a living for 

 himself and his children by poorly rewarded transla- 

 tions for booksellers. A third marriage, in 1790, 

 with a young lady of Suabia, who had publicly offered 

 him her hand in a poem, completed his misfortunes ; 

 he was divorced from her two years afterwards. The 

 government of Hanover afforded him some assistance 

 shortly before his death, which took place in June, 

 1194, and was occasioned by a complaint of the lungs. 

 In tile midst of these misfortunes and obstacles it is 

 astonishing how much he did. He has left us songs, 

 odes, elegies, ballads, narrative poems, and epigrams. 

 In none of these departments does he hold a low 

 rank ; in some the public voice has placed him in 

 the first. Schiller criticised him very severely ; he 

 denied him the power of idealizing, and reproached 

 his muse as being of too sensual a character. The 

 judgment of A. W. Schlegel seems more just : he says, 

 " Burger is a poet of a more peculiar than compre- 

 hensive imagination ; of more honest and plain than 

 delicate feelings ; his execution is more remarkable 

 than his conception ; he is more at home in ballads 

 and simple songs than in the higher lyrical poetry ; 

 yet, in some of his productions, lie appears as a true 

 poet of the people, and his style, with some taults, is 

 clear, vigorous, fresh, and sometimes tender." The 



first collection of his poems appeared in Gottingen, 

 1778. His poetical works have been published 

 several times by K. Reinhard ; last in Berlin, 1823- 

 25, 8 vols. ; so also his Lehrbuch der Msthetik 

 (Compendium of ^Esthetics), Berlin, 1825, and his 

 Lehrbuch des Deiitschen Styls (Manual of German 

 Style), Berlin, 1826. 



BURGESS, in England ; the holder of a tenement in 

 a borough : in a parliamentary sense, the representa- 

 tive of B borough; in Scotland, a member of the 

 corporation of a borough. Before the North Ameri- 

 can revolution, the popular branch of the legislature 

 in Virginia was called the house of burgfssus : it is 

 now called the house of delegates. 



BURGHERS. See Seceders. 



BURGLARY (supposed to be derived from the Ger 

 man burg, a house, and larron, a thief, from the 

 Latin latro) is defined to be a breaking and entering 

 the mansion-house of another, in the night, with in- 

 tent to commit some felony within the same, whether 

 such felonious intent be executed or not. This is the 

 modern signification of the term, which formerly ap- 

 plied, also, to the breaking into a church, fort, or 

 town ; and the breaking into a church is said, by Sir 

 William Blackstone (4 Com. 224), to be, undoubtedly, 

 burglary. Both breaking and entering are considered 

 necessary to constitute the offence. The opening a 

 door or window, picking a lock, or unlocking- it with 

 a key, raising a latch, or loosing any fastenings, con- 

 stitutes a breaking. Likewise, knocking at the door, 

 and, on its being opened, rushing in, has been so con- 

 sidered. So, if a lodger in the same house open and 

 enter another's room ; or if a servant conspire with a 

 robber and let him into the house, it will be such a 

 breaking of a house, as, if done with intent to commit 

 a felony, will be burglary. The breaking and enter- 

 ing must, however, be in the night, to make it bur- 

 glary ; and, according to lord Hale's opinion (1 P. C. 

 550), if there be enough of daylight in the evening 

 twilight or dawn for discerning a man's face, it will 

 not be burglary. But this does not extend to moon- 

 light, since such a construction would secure impunity 

 to many burglaries. The breaking open of a bam, 

 shop, shed, or other building, is not burglary, unless 

 it be appurtenant to a dwelling-house. A chamber 

 in a college, or in the London inns of court, is, for 

 this purpose, considered to be a mansion-house. The 

 more usual punishment of burglary has heretofore 

 been death. In America there is some diversity of 

 punishment for this offence, the penalty being death 

 in some states, and imprisonment for life or years in 

 others. In Maine, for the principal and accessary 

 before the fact, where the criminal enters a dwelling- 

 house by night, with a deadly weapon, it is death. 

 In New Hampshire, the offence, according to the 

 common definition, is punished by imprisonment and 

 hard labour for life. In Vermont the punishment is 

 imprisonment in the state prison for p. term not ex- 

 ceeding fifteen years, or a fine not exceeding 1000 

 dollars; in Massachusetts, imprisonment for life of 

 the principal and accessary before the fact, in case of 

 being armed with a deadly weapon ; in Rhode Island, 

 death ; in Connecticut, imprisonment in the state 

 prison not exceeding three years ; in New'York, a 

 fine and imprisonment with hard labour not exceeding 

 ten years ; in Pennsylvania, for the first offence, im- 

 prisonment not exceeding ten years ; for the second, 

 not exceeding fifteen ; in Maryland, restoration of 

 property, and imprisonment not less than two nor ex- 

 ceeding ten years ; in Virginia, restoration of property, 

 and imprisonment not less than five nor more than 

 ten years ; and in Louisiana, imprisonment not less 

 than ten nor more than fifteen years ; and the code 

 of this state makes the crime the same where the 

 culprit conceals himself in the house during the day, 



