BUSBECQ BUSHIR E. 



767 



who form their burial places into gardens, is worthy 

 of imitation. Several catholic church-yards in Ger- 

 many are also distinguished by their pleasing aspect ; 

 for instance, one in Munich, where every grave is 

 covered with a bed of flowers, which the relations of 

 the deceased water from a fountain dug for the pur- 

 pose. The Quakers, it is well known, erect no tomb- 

 stones. The beautiful name of the German Moravian 

 Brothers, friedhof, or field of peace, is becoming more 

 and more common in Germany. The celebrated 

 burying-place of Pere la Chaise, near Paris, is one of 

 the most beautiful and interesting spots in the world. 



BDSACO ; a convent in Portugal, in the province of 

 Beira. The monks are Carmelites, and the prospect 

 from the summit of the Sierra de Busaco is one of the 

 finest in Portugal. It is memorable for the battle, 

 Sept. 27, 1810, between Massena and lord Welling- 

 ton, who, on a retreat before the superior forces of 

 the former, availed himself of the favourable position 

 of the Sierra for checking the pursuit Two attacks, 

 one on the right wing, consisting of British, and the 

 other on the left, composed chiefly of Portuguese, 

 were repulsed ; but, Massena having detached a force 

 to march round the mountain, and cut off the British 

 troops from Coimbra, Wellington retreated towards 

 that city, and afterwards to the lines of Torres Ve- 

 dras. (q. v.) 



BUSBBCQ, or BUSBEQUIUS, Atigier Ghislen ; the na- 

 tural son of a nobleman ; born in 1522, at Comines, 

 in Flanders ; legitimated by Charles V. After hav- 

 ing studied in the most celebrated universities of 

 Flanders, France, and Italy, he accompanied Peter 

 Lassa, ambassador of Ferdinand, king of the Romans, 

 to England. In the next year (1555), that prince 

 made him his ambassador to Soliman II. His first 

 negotiation was not very successful. He obtained 

 only an armistice for six months, and a letter, which 

 he delivered immediately to Ferdinand. He then 

 returned to his post, and this time his negotiations 

 were completely successful. After seven years he 

 returned home, and was made tutor of the sons of 

 Maximilian II. When this prince became emperor, 

 B. was sent to accompany the archduchess Elizabeth 

 (who was to be married to Charles IX.) on her journey 

 to France. B. remained there in the character of 

 steward with Elizabeth, and, when she left France, 

 after the death of her husband, he continued there as 

 ambassador of Rodolph II. In 1592 he set out on 

 his return to Flanders, and was attacked, on the way, 

 by a party of the Leaguers. As soon as they had 

 seen his passports, they permitted him to continue his 

 journey unmolested, from respect to his character of 

 an ambassador ; but the terror which he had suffered 

 threw him into a violent fever, of which he died sev- 

 eral days afterwards. We have remaining two im- 

 portant works of his: 1. Legationis Turcicee Epis- 

 tolae quatuor, in which the policy, the power, and the 

 weakness of the Porte are so profoundly and clearly 

 explained, that, even at present, information may be 

 drawn from them ; and, 2. Epistolce ad Rudolphum 

 //., Imp. e Gallia scriptce (editcs a Houwaerf), a very 

 important work for the history of those times. His 

 style is pure, elegant, and simple. During his stay 

 in Turkey, he collected Greek inscriptions, which he 

 communicated to Andreas Schott, Justus Lipsius, and 

 Gruter. We are indebted to him for a copy of the 

 celebrated monumeifium Ancyranum, which he had 

 transcribed and brought to Europe. More than a 

 hundred Greek manuscripts, which he had collected, 

 were presented by him to the library of Vienna. 



BUSCHING, Anthony Frederic ; a distinguished geo- 

 grapher, was born, 1724, in Stadthagen, in Lippe ; 

 nnd studied theology in Halle, in 1744, where he 

 found a friend and protector in Baumgarten. On his 

 travels, as tutor of the young count of Lynar, he be- 



came convinced of the defects of existing geographi. 

 cal treatises, and resolved to write a new one, which 

 he began, on his return to Germany (1752), by pub- 

 lishing a short Description of Sleswic and Holstein, 

 as a specimen. In 1754, he was made professor of 

 philosophy in Gottingen. In 1755, he married Chris- 

 tiana Diltey, a lady who was remarkable as a member 

 of the Gottingen learned society. Notwithstanding 

 some difficulties about his heterodox opinions, he re- 

 ceived an invitation to become pastor in a Lutheran 

 church at Petersburg. In 1766, he was made director 

 of the united gymnasiums of Berlin and of the suburb' 

 Koln, and discharged his duties with great diligence. 

 He died in 1793. Before his great work, Allgemeine 

 Erdbeschretbung, which he began to publish in 1754, 

 in separate volumes, and which, though not entirely 

 completed by the author, passed through eight legal 

 editions during his life, neither the Germans nor any 

 other nation had a thoroughly scientific geographical 

 work. 



BUSEMBAOM, Hermann, a Jesuit, famous for his 

 Medulla Theologies moralis, ex variis probatisque 

 Auftoribus concinnata, born at Nottelen, in Westpha- 

 lia, 1600, and died in 1668. His work was much 

 used in the seminaries of the Jesuits, and had passed 

 through 50 editions, when father Lacroix published 

 it, increased from a single duodecimo to two folios by 

 his own commentaries and the additions of father Col- 

 lendall. It was published at Lyons, in 1729, with 

 further additions by father Montausan. The latter 

 edition was reprinted, in 1758, at Cologne. It WHS 

 now found to contain principles concerning homicide 

 and regicide, which appeared the more reprehensible 

 on account of the recent attempt on the life of Louis 

 XV., by Damien. The parliament of Toulouse 

 caused the work to be publicly burned, and summoned 

 the superiors of the Jesuits to appear at their bar for 

 trial. They disavowed the doctrines of the book, de- 

 clared themselves ignorant of the author, and denied 

 that any Jesuit had any share in it. The parliament 

 of Paris was satisfied with condemning the book. 

 Against both these sentences, father Zachariah, nn 

 Italian Jesuit, with the permission of his superiors, 

 stepped forward as the defender of B. and Lacroix ; 

 but his defence was condemned by the parliament of 

 Paris. B. was also the author of Lilium inter Spinas, 

 de virginibus Deo devotis eique in Saculo inservienti- 

 bus. 



BUSHEL; an English dry measure, containing 8 gal- 

 lons or 4 pecks. It is also used in the North Ameri- 

 can United States. The standard English bushel 

 (12 Henry VII.) contains 8 gallons of wheat, each of 

 8 pounds troy, each of 12 ounces, each of 20 penny- 

 weights, each of 32 corns of wheat that grew in the 

 middle of the ear. In 1696, a duty being laid upon 

 malt, it became necessary to ascertain the exact con- 

 tents of the Winchester bushel, as that of Henry VII. 

 was called. It was found that the capacity was 

 2151-7 cubic inches of pure water, equivalent to 1131 

 oz., 13 dwts. troy. The capacity of the Imperial 

 bushel, prescribed by the act of uniformity (5 Geo. 

 IV., c. 74), which took effect Jan. 1, 1826, is, for 

 coal, potatoes, fruits, and other goods sold by heaped 

 measure, 2815 cubic inches, the goods to be heaped 

 up in the form of a cone, to a height above the rim 

 of the measure of at least three-fourths of its depth. 

 The imperial bushel for all liquids, and for corn and 

 other dry goods not heaped, contains 2218-20 cubic 

 inches, ana holds 80 Ibs. avoirdupois of pure water. 



BOSJIIRE, or ABUSHEHR ; the principal seaport of 

 Persia", situated on the Persian gulf, with 5000 in- 

 habitants. The principal exports are carpets, wine 

 of Shiraz, rose water, drugs, pearls, and cotton. The 

 English East India company have a factory here, 

 Lo'n. 50 43' E. ; hit. 28 59' N. 



