783 



CADIZ -CAEN. 



closed by the main-land on one side, and the project- 

 ing tongue of land on tin- other. It is from i.-n to 

 twelve leagues in circumference, with gcxxl nnclior- 

 Bge, and protected by tin- neighbouring hills. It has 

 four forts, two of which form the defence of the 

 grand arsenal, La Caraca, in which are three basins 

 and twelve docks. This bay is tlie great rendezvous 

 of the Spanish navy. C. was Uie centre of the Spanish 

 American trade, and the commerce of the port was 

 very extensive, before the separation of the colonies. 

 An important brunch of industry in i lie vicinity is the 

 preparation of salt : the pits belong to the government, 

 and supply many of the fishermen of different coun- 

 tries of Europe. The city was taken by the earl of 

 Essex in 15'J(>, ami from its bay Villeneuve sailed, 

 previous to the kittle of Trafalgar, in 1808. In 

 1809, it became the seat of the central junta, 

 and afterwards of the cortes. It sustained a long 

 blockade from the French (Feb. 6, 1810, to Aug. 

 25, 1812), which was not raised till after the battle of 

 Salamanca. In 1823, the French entered it (Oct. 3), 

 after a short siege. In 1829, it was declared a free 

 port. On the island of Leon, the village of Las Ca- 

 bezas is also situated, where Riego began the military 

 revolution, Jail. 1, 1820. See Spain. 



CADIZ, STRAITS OF ; that part of the Atlantic which 

 has the coasts of Algarve and Andalusia on the north, 

 those of Fes and Morocco on the south, and the 

 straits of Gibraltar on the east, 



CADMIUM ; a new metal, first discovered by M. 

 Stromeyer, in 1817, in some carbonate of zinc which 

 he was examining in Hanover. It has been since 

 found in the Derbyshire silicates of zinc. 



CADMUS ; the name of several persons in mythology 

 and history. The most famous is the son of Agenor 

 and grandson of Neptune. With his brothers, he was 

 sent, by his father, to seek for his sister Europa, who 

 had been carried away by Jupiter, and he was not to 

 return without her. After several adventures, C. in- 

 quired of the oracle at Delphi, which commanded 

 him to desist from further search, to intrust himself to 

 the guidance of a heifer, and where she should stop, 

 to build a city. He accordingly went to Boeotia, 

 where he wished to sacrifice the cow to Minerva. 

 But his companions, in attempting to fetch water from 

 the fountain of Mars, for the purpose of the sacrifice, 

 were slain by the dragon that guarded it. Cadmus 

 killed the dragon, and, at the command of Minerva, 

 sowed its teeth in the earth ; armed men immediately 

 sprang up, whom he called Sparti (the sowed), but 

 who perished in a contest with each other, except- 

 ing only five. With the remainder, he built the city 

 of Cadmea or Thebes (see Thebes). Jupiter then 

 married him to Harmonia, and all the gods were pre- 

 sent at his nuptials. He became, by this marriage, 

 the father of Antinoe, Ino, Semele, Agave, and Poly- 

 dorus. After ruling, for a time, the city which he 

 had. built, and the state which he had founded, he 

 proceeded, at the command of Bacchus, with Har- 

 monia, to the EnchelcB, conquered their enemies, the 

 Illyrians, became their king, and begat another son, 

 Illyrius. Jupiter finally changed him and Harmonia 

 into serpents, or, as some say, into lions, and trans- 

 ported them to Elysium. Tradition states, that Cad- 

 mus came to Boeotia from Phoenicia, 1550 B. C., con- 

 quered the inhabitants who opposed him, and, in 

 conjunction with them, founded the above-mentioned 

 city. To promote the improvement of his new sub- 

 jects, he taught them the Phoenician alphabet, the 

 employment of music at the festivals of the gods, be- 

 sides the use of copper, &c. Another Cadmus of 

 Miletus, a son of Pandion, was regarded, among the 

 Greeks, as the first who wrote in prose. He iived 

 about 600 years before Christ, 



CADSAXD ; an island near the coast of Flanders, at 



the mouth of the Scheldt; Ion. 3 18' E.; lat. 51 

 23' N. This island is preserved by lofty dykes, con- 

 structed at a vast expense, from the inundations of 

 the sea ; and yet is scarcely free from danger when 

 the N. W. wind blows with violence. Tlie laiul is 

 fertile, and the corn is equal to any produced in Hol- 

 land ; the meadows are luxuriant, and the farmers 

 make a large quantity of excellent cheese. 



CADUCEOS, a wand of laurel or olive, with two little 

 wings on the upper end, about which two serpents are 

 twisted, with their heads turned towards each oilier, 

 and their crests not bristled, served for a symbol of 

 peace. It was borne by the heralds, whose persons were 

 then sacred and inviolable. The fable tells us, that 

 Apollo gave this staff to Mercury, in consideration of 

 his resigning to him the honour of inventing the lyre. 

 As Mercury entered Arcadia with this wand in his 

 hand, he saw two serpents fighting together ; he threw 

 the staff between them, and they immediately wound 

 themselves around it in friendly union. The serpents 

 which adorn this staff were, according to Bottiger, 

 originally, emblems of the knots with which the old- 

 est merchants of the Mediterranean sea secured their 

 chests and goods. The C. is Mercury's peculiar mark 

 of distinction. With this he conducted the shades to 

 the lower world, and from it received the name of 

 Caducifer ; yet we find it on ancient coins, in the 

 hands of Bacchus, Hercules, Ceres, Venus, and Aim- 

 bis. Among tlie moderns, it serves principally as an 

 emblem of commerce. 



C.SLIUS MONS, one of the hills of the city of Rome, 

 received its name from Czelius Vibenna, an Etruscan, 

 to whom it was assigned. The palace of Tullus Hos- 

 tilius was on this mount. In the tune of Tiberius, it 

 received the name Augustus. It is at present covered 

 with ruins, which serve to excite the curiosity and 

 baffle the ingenuity of antiquaries. 



CAEN ; a large and well built town of France, the 

 ancient capital of Lower Normandy, and the chief 

 place in the department of Calvados. According to 

 Dupin (Forces prodiictives commerciules de la France, 

 1828), it is one of the most important cities of tlie 

 west of France, with a population of 37,890 inhabi- 

 tants, the centre of an important domestic trade, the 

 market of a rich agricultural district, a seaport and a. 

 manufacturing city. Its institutions, literary, chari- 

 table, and scientific, are numerous, and very well or- 

 ganized. The antiquarian society, the Liim;r;m 

 society, the agricultural society, and the academy of 

 science, arts, and literature, are distinguished. C. 

 also contains one of the twenty-six academies of the 

 university (academic universitaire), a royal college, a 

 large and valuable public library, an academy of 

 drawing, architecture and sculpture, a gallery of 

 paintings, and many other useful and liberal institu- 

 tions. The hospital of the abbaye-aux- dames is one 

 of the best regulated in France. The noble hospital 

 of the bon-sauveur is divided into the asylum lor the 

 insane, the dispensary for the sick and wounded, the 

 school for the deaf and dumb, the lying-in-hospital, u 

 boarding school for young-ladies, and a free school for 

 120 destitute girls, The whole is administered by 

 125 charitable females (saeurs hospitallers). The; 

 streets are less narrow and crooked than is usual in 

 France, and the houses are mostly of white stone. It 

 has twelve parish churches, of which the principal 

 are the ubbaye-aux-hommes, built by William the 

 Conqueror, who lies buried in it, and notre-dame. 

 The city was formerly fortified, but the fortifications 

 art now in ruins. Henry VI. of England founded a 

 university here in 1431, C. having been in the posses- 

 sion of the English, of whom it is now a favourite re- 

 treat, from 1417 to 1448. Admiral de Coligni cap- 

 tured it for the Protestants in 1562, and, in 1815, it 

 was occupied by the Prussians. Linen, serges, parti- 





