C^SARBA CAFFRES. 



his mantle, aiul fell, piercrd with twenty-three 

 wounds, at the foot of Pompey's statin-. Thus died 

 this remarkable man, the best who ever aspired to 

 sovereignty in Rome, the victor in 500 battles, and 

 the conqueror of a thousand cities, B. C. 44, 15th 

 of March, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. Of C.'s 

 writings, we have his history of his wars with the 

 Gauls and with Poni)>ey. written in a simple, noble 

 style. The most esteemed editions are those of' 

 Clarke (London, 1712, folio), Grar.vius (Leyden, 1713, 

 2 vols.), and Oudendorp (Leyden, 1737, 2 vols. 4to). 

 One of the best modern small editions is that of Ober- 

 lin (Leipsic, 1805). 



CASAREA ; the ancient name of many cities. 1 . C. 

 Philippi, or Paneas, built by Philip, tetrarch of Gali- 

 lee, son of Herod the Great. 2. C. Stratonis, on the 

 shores of the Mediterranean, about seventy-five miles 

 north-west from Jerusalem. Herod the Great en- 

 larged it, and it became the metropolis of Palestine, 

 and the seat of the Roman proconsul. (Joseph. Arch. 

 15, 9, 6.) It is the place where Herod Agrippa was 

 smitten by the angel (Acts xii. 20 23), where Cor- 

 nelius the centurion resided (x.), and St Paul was 

 imprisoned two years (xxiii. xxv). It is now, ac- 

 cording to Clarke, in utter desolation. 3. The capital 

 of Cappadocia, and now called Kaisarich. It was 

 once supposed to contain 400,000 inhabitants. Lucas 

 (2d Voyage, xviii.) says that all the mountains in the 

 environs are perforated with grottoes, which served 

 as summer residences, and that there are 200,000 

 little pyramids in the vicinity. It has now 25,000 

 inhabitants, and considerable trade in cotton. There 

 were many other towns of this name. 



C.SSAREAN OPERATION. See Midwifery. 



C^STUS ; the boxing-glove of the Grecian and 

 Roman pugilists. The original Greek caestus was 

 merely a raw hide, fastened to the hand, and reaching 

 to the wrists, intended for defence. It was afterwards 

 enlarged, so as to reach to the elbow, and loaded 

 with metal, to increase the weight of the blow. The 

 combat with the caestus was not more dangerous than 

 a common English boxing-match. Theocritus (Idyll. 

 22) has described one of these combats. 



C.ESURA, in Latin verse ; the separation of the last 

 syllable of any word from those which preceded it, 

 and the carrying it forward into another foot. It 

 always renders the syllable on which it falls long, and 

 is accompanied by a slight pause, hence called the 

 casural pause, as in the following line : 



llle latus uivuunt taolli fnltus hyacintho. 



In English poetry, it is equivalent to a pause. See 

 Versification. 



CAF ; a mountain, which, if we believe the Mo- 

 hammedans, environs the whole earth, which is thus 

 set within it like a finger in a ring. Its foundation 

 is the stone Sakhral, one grain of which enables its 

 possessor to work miracles. The agitation of this 

 stone, which is an emerald, whose reflection gives the 

 sky its tints, is the cause of earthquakes. The Dives, 

 or giants, and the Peri, or fairies, dwell in it. 



CAFE. See Coffee- Houses. 



CAFFA ; one of the principal ports of the Crimea, 

 formerly a large and rich city, now much reduced. 

 On the south stood the Genoese town, of which 

 ruined walls and massive magazines remain. On 

 some neighbouring heights was the Armenian town, 

 and near this the Tartar city, its magnificent baths 

 and mosques failing into decay. It was called, by 

 the Tartars, Little Constantinople; but, from the 

 time of its capture by the Turks, in 1475, it began to 

 decline. When Clarke visited it, in 1800, its popu- 

 lation was diminished to fifty families. In 1783, it 

 was ceded to Russia, and called Feodosia. from its 

 ancient name, Theodosia, 



CAFFA, strait of, anciently the Cimmerian Bosphn. 

 rt, discharges the turbid waters of the sea of Azoph 

 (Palus Mceotis) into the Black sea. It is about fifteen 

 leagues in length and three in breadth. 



CAFFARELU. See Majorano. 



CAFFARELLI DU FAUJA. Among five brothers of this 

 name, all of whom have distinguished themselves in 

 different departments of politics and literature, the 

 best known are, 1. Louis Marie Joseph Maximilian, 

 born in 1756. He was killed in 1799, before St 

 Jean d'Acre, while general of division. His works, 

 which gained him a place in the national institute, 

 relate to mathematics, the necessity of better public 

 instruction, and various political and -philosophical 

 subjects. His whole life was devoted to learning, 

 and to the welfare of mankind. He adopted the 

 principles of the revolution, and served as a captain 

 in the army of the Rhine; but, when the national 

 convention made known to the armies the condemna 

 tion of Louis XVI., in 1793, he declared his disap- 

 probation of it, and was, on that account, deprived of 

 his office, and imprisoned fourteen months. He was 

 afterwards set at liberty, employed in the department 

 of war, and finally returned to the army of the Rhine. 

 The loss of a leg did not prevent him from engaging 

 in the expedition to Egypt, as chief of the corps of 

 engineers. 2. His brother Augustus, lieutenant-ge- 

 neral, born in 1766, served first in the Sardinian 

 troops, and afterwards in almost all the campaigns of 

 the revolutionary war, under the standard of France. 

 In 1804, Napoleon sent him to Rome to induce the 

 holy father to go to France, to anoint him at his 

 coronation. He was then made governor of the 

 Tuileries, received a command in the army, and was, 

 from 1S06 to 1810, minister of war in the kingdom 

 of Italy, and afterwards in active service in the war 

 in Spain. Napoleon gave him the command of the 

 first military division during the " hundred days." 



CAFFE, Daniel; a painter in crayons; born at 

 Kustrin, 1750. After having passed his childhood 

 and youth in want, he left a comfortable office from 

 his love to painting, and was received, at the age of 

 thirty-two years, as a pupil of the academy of painting 

 in Dresden. Here he studied, chiefly, the pictures 

 of Mengs, and soon acquired a great reputation by 

 his portraits. He also established a manufactory of 

 crayons. He copied many pictures in the galleries 

 of Dresden, with a vigour and warmth uncommon in 

 a painter in crayons. He died in 1815. 



CAFFILA ; a company of merchants or travellers 

 who join t()gether for security, in some eastern coun- 

 tries. It differs from the caravan by being in the 

 employ of some sovereign or company, while the 

 former is composed of merchants trading each on his 

 own account. 



CAFFRARIA ; a name adopted, by the Portuguese, 

 from the Arabs, who call all the African continent, 

 southward from Sofala (their most southerly settle- 

 ment), the land of Cafirs (infidels). It was first ap- 

 plied to the whole width of the continent, from cape 

 Corrientes on the east to cape Negro on the west. 

 As the names of particular states and people became 

 known, the extent of C. diminished ; and the term 

 is now applied only to the territory on the north- 

 eastern borders of the Cape Colony. C. is but im- 

 perfectly known. See Caffres. 



CAFFRES. In the south-eastern part of Africa, there 

 is a race distinguished from the Negroes by a larger 

 facial angle (the head being formed like that of 

 Europeans), a high nose, hair frizzled, but less woolly 

 than that of the Negroes, and a brown or iron-gray 

 complexion, differing from the shining black of that 

 race. They have many Arab words in their dialects, 

 and the custom of circumcision prevails among them. 

 These people were called, by the Portuguese, Caffres, 



