CAFTAN CAGLIOSTRO. 



793 



mistaking the Mohammedan term Cafir (heretics) 

 for a national appellation. It is now retained, by geo- 

 graphical writers, to denote the savage tribes, whose 

 physical characteristics have already been described, 

 extending from Quiloa southward, and the Cape 

 Colony eastward. The history, origin, and actual ex- 

 tent of this race is unknown, and is reserved to in- 

 struct or confound future explorers in these unknown 

 regions. In a more limited sense, this name has been 

 given to the tribe whose true name is Koitssas, living 

 on the confines of the Cape Colony. They are a 

 handsome, vigorous race, of simple liabits, their prin- 

 cipal food being milk in the form of curd. They use 

 no salt : water is their only drink. They are all pas- 

 sionately fond of tabacco. Their dress is made of the 

 skins of sheep. Ivory rings, worn on the left arm, 

 are their chief ornaments. The women have their 

 backs, arms, and breasts furrowed by tearing up the 

 skin with a sharp instrument. Both sexes paint the 

 whole body red. Their dwellings are low, circular 

 cabins, constructed by the women. Plurality of wives 

 is allowed, but it is rare that they have more than 

 two. Cattle are of the first importance, and the chief 

 object of affection to a Caffre. They obey and follow 

 their master like dogs. The ground is cultivated by 

 the women. At the age of twelve, the boys are ap- 

 pointed to the care of cattle, and exercised publicly 

 in the use of the javelin and the club. The girls, 

 under the inspection of the chiefs' wives, are taught 

 to perform the work of the hut and the garden. The 

 Caffres are of a peaceful disposition, but display great 

 activity and skill in the use of arms, when necessary. 



Their weapons are the hassagay or spear, the shield, 

 and the club. Previous to commencing hostilities, they 

 send heralds to the enemy. They are fond of the 

 chase, pursuing the lion and the elephant. Each 

 horde has a hereditary and absolute chief. The cu- 

 pidity of the English colonists has found pretences 

 for depriving them of their finest territory (1821), 

 now called Albany ; and this lately kind and happy 

 people seem destined to extinction, or to a miserable 

 and degraded condition. See Lichtenstein's Travels 

 in Southern Africa, and the Notes to Pringle's ' Ephe- 

 merides.' 



CAFTAN; the well known national dress of the 

 Turks, in the form of a night gown, and generally 

 white, with pale-yellow flowers. It is made of wool- 

 len or silk, and sometimes lined with costly fur. 

 Such caftans are presented as gifts, by the Turkish 

 court, to the Christian ambassadors, or to other per- 

 sons on whom a particular honour is to be conferred ; 

 i. 



and ambassadors, if they are not expressly permitted 

 to appear in the dress of their nation, are compelled 

 to wear a caftan at the audiences that are given 

 them. 



CAGLIA, cape. See Matapan cape. 



CAGUARI, the capital of the island of Sardinia, is 

 situated on a hill near the sea. It consists of four 

 parts, 1. the castle, on the top of the hill ; 2. the 

 Marina ; 3. Estempache ; 4. the Villa Nuova. It is 

 strongly fortified, and is the residence of the viceroy, 

 of an archbishop, and the seat of a university with 300 

 students, which was revived and remodelled in 1765. 

 It contains a royal society for the promotion of agri- 

 culture, established in 1805, a museum of natural 

 history, and one of antiquities. Population 28,000. 

 It lias gome manufactures. C. is the emporium of all 

 the Sardinian trade. Here are the dock-yards and 

 the quarantine ground. Its spacious and safe harbour 

 is defended by several forts. I, on. 9 25' E. ; lat. 

 39o 15' 20" N. 



CAGLIABI, Paul ; known under the name of Paul 

 Veronese; a painter of Verona, born in 1532. His 

 father, who was a sculptor, wished to educate his son 

 for the same profession ; but the young man betrayed 

 a greater inclination for painting, and was, therefore, 

 placed under the care of his uncle, Antonio Badile, a 

 painter. Under this able instructer, Paul made con- 

 siderable progress ; but. as the school of Verona al- 

 ready possessed distinguished artists, such as Forbi- 

 cini, Giolsino, Ligozzi, Brusasorci, and Farinato, he 

 obtained, at first, but little celebrity. He went to 

 Mantua and Vicenza, and afterwards to Venice. Here 

 he imitated Titian and Tintoretto, but, at the same 

 time, appeared desirous of surpassing them by a more 

 studied elegance, and a richer variety of ornament. 

 It soon became evident, from his works, that he had 

 studied the casts of ancient statues, and the etchings 

 of Parmesan and Albert Durer. In his first great 

 works, which are in the church of St Sebastian in 

 Venice, his pencil is yet timid. The History of 

 Esther, in fresco, which he afterwards painted in this 

 church, excited general admiration ; and the execu- 

 tion of important works was intrusted to him, among 

 which are many that adorn the library of St Mark's. 

 He afterwards accompanied the Venetian ambassador 

 Grimani to Rome, where he saw, with enthusiasm, the 

 beautiful models of Raphael and Michael Acgelo, and 

 painted, after his return, his fine Apotheosis of Venice. 

 His numerous banquetting pieces are 'also excellent. 

 Six, at least, of these are found at Venice, in the re- 

 fectories of the monasteries, among the best of which 

 are the Marriage at Cana, comprising 120 figures, 

 many of which are portraits, and the Feast of Christ 

 with Simon. In the former piece, the extravagant 

 display of Asiatic pomp, and the confusion of differ- 

 ent persons and dresses, have been justly censured. 

 In the latter, the air of pride in the aspect of Christ, 

 instead of a simple expression of dignity, the placing 

 of the principal personage in a corner of the pic- 

 ture, and the running into each other of the white 

 table-cloth and the architecture of the background, 

 have been considered blemishes. In his Pilgrims of 

 Emmaus, Paul violated all the unities of time, place, 

 and action. But, with all these faults, he displays 

 splendid talents and great fruitfulness of conception. 

 His portraits are spirited and noble, and his colouring 

 splendid. He died in 1588. His scholars were, 

 Charles and Gabriel, his sons, and Benedetto, his 

 brother, besides Michael Parrasio, Naudi, Maffei, 

 Verona, Francesco Montemezzano. 



CAGLJOSTKO, count of (real name Giuseppe Balsamo), 

 a celebrated charlatan, was born in 1743, at Palermo. 

 His father died when he was young, and he was edu- 

 cated by his maternal relations. He entered the order 

 of the Brothers of Mercy, where he found an oppor- 



