CALAIS CALCINATION. 



east of the channel, and south of the straits. Popu- 

 lation, in 1827, 642,969 ; chief place, Arras. See 

 Departments. 



CALAIS, straits of. See Dover, straits of. 



CALAITE. See Turauoise. 



CALAMANCO ; a woollen stuff, principally manufac- 

 tured in the Netherlands. The English manufactures 

 of it have declined of late years. The warp is some- 

 times mixed with silk or goat's hair. This stuff is 

 made plain, coloured, striped, or watered. 



CALAMANDER WOOD ; the name given to a beautiful 

 species of hard-wood brought from Ceylon. 



CALAMATA. See Greece. 



CALAMINE. See Zinc. 



CALAMINES, or CALAMIANS ; a cluster of islands in 

 the Indian sea, among those called the Philippine is- 

 lands. They are seventeen in number, one of which 

 is thirty miles long, and twelve broad, divided between 

 the king of Borneo and the Spaniards, with some in- 

 dependent natives in the interior parts, who live with- 

 out chiefs and without laws: they are black, and 

 have no fixed places of abode. About 1200 on the 

 sea. coast have submitted to the Spaniards, who have 

 a garrison at a place calif d Tatay. The country is 

 mountainous, and produces some rice, and great 

 quantities of wax and honey. Lon. 120 20' . ; lat. 

 12" N. 



CALAMUS; a reed. 1. The C. pastoralis was a 

 simple reed or cane, used as a musical instrument. 

 The fistula, or shepherd's pipe, was made of this sub- 

 stance : it is hence figuratively used by the poets for 

 the pipe itself. 2. The C. scriptorius, or chartarius, 

 was used by the ancients to write on materials which 

 the style would injure, as papyrus, parchment, &c. 

 It was generally made of the Egyptian, sometimes of 

 the Persian reed. It was sharpened with a knife, or 

 a rough stone, and split like our pens. 3. The C. 

 aromaticus (the acorus of botanists) is an odoriferous 

 reed, formerly brought from India, now found also in 

 the north of Europe, and in North America. It is 

 used by the distillers of Dantzic to correct the empy- 

 reumatic odour of spirits, and to give them a peculiar 

 flavour. 



CALAMY, Edmund, a presbyterian divine, distin- 

 guished for his influence in ecclesiastical affairs in the 

 early half of the 17th century, was born in London in 

 1600, and educated at Cambridge. In 1039, he was 

 chosen minister of the church of St Mary, Alderman- 

 bury. He engaged warmly in the religious disputes of 

 the day, and was one of the writers of the famous trea- 

 tise against episcopacy, entitled " Smectymnus." He 

 died in 1666. His son, Dr BENJAMIN CALAMY, be- 

 came an episcopal clergyman, and distinguished him- 

 self by the publication of " A Discourse about a scru- 

 pulous Conscience," 1 683. The nephew of Benjamin, 

 EDMUND CALAMY, was born in 1671, and became 

 pastor of a large congregation in Westminster. He 

 died in 1732. He published an abridgment of Bax- 

 ter's History, with a Continuation, 4 vols. 8vo; and 

 also carried on through the press controversies with 

 Bishop Hoadly and others. 



CALANDBA. See Mosaic. 



CALAS, John. This unfortunate man, who died on 

 the scaffold, a victim of fanaticism, was born, 1693, 

 in Lacaparede, near Chartres, in Languedoc, educat- 

 ed in the Protestant religion, and established as a 

 merchant in Toulouse. He had three sons and three 

 daughters, whom he educated himself, and was held 

 in general esteem, when, in his 68th year, he was 

 suddenly accused of the crime of murdering one of 

 his sons. In 1 761 , his oldest son, Marc Antoine, was 

 found strangled in his father's house. It was reported 

 that the unfortunate youth had been put to death by 

 his father, because he had become a Catholic. John 

 C. and his whole family were arrested, and a prose- 



cution instituted against him, in support of which 

 numerous witnesses, whose sufficiency was apparent, 

 appeared against him. In vain did the old man plead 

 his affection for his son, and that son's melancholy ; 

 in vain did he assert that he had another son, who 

 had embraced the Catholic religion, who still received 

 his yearly allowance ; that it was impossible for him, 

 a weak old man, to execute such a deed of violence 

 on a youth full of strength, and that he had not mur- 

 dered a Catholic maid-servant whom he had in the 

 house. The parliament of Toulouse condemned him, 

 by eight voices against five, to be tortured, and then 

 broken on the wheel ; and, on the 9th of March, 

 1762, the sentence was executed. He suffered the 

 torture with firmness, and ascended the scaffold with 

 these words : " I die guiltless ; my judges have been 

 deceived ; but Christ, who was himself guiltless, suf- 

 fered a death even more dreadful." The youngest 

 son was banished for ever, but the mother and the 

 maid were acquitted. The family of the unhappy 

 man retired to Geneva. Voltaire, who was then at 

 Ferney, became acquainted with them, and formed 

 the design of defending the memory of Calas. He 

 brought the cause before the bar of public opinion, 

 and directed the attention of men to the defects of the 

 criminal law. The widow and children of C. solicited 

 a revision of the trial. Fifty judges once more ex- 

 amined the circumstances, and declared C. altogether 

 innocent. The king, by his liberality, sought to re- 

 compense the family for their undeserved losses, and 

 icople of the first rank emulated each other in en- 

 eavouring to relieve them. 

 CALATRAVA. See Orders. 



CALCAR, John van ; a Dutch painter of the school 

 of John van Eyk, was born about 1500, at Calcar, in 

 Cleves. His paintings are true to nature. He studied 

 so thoroughly the works of Titian, that their pictures 

 cannot always be distinguished. The Mater dolorosa, 

 in the collection of Boisseree (q. v.), in Stuttgard. a 

 perfect work of art, is by him. Another small picture 

 of his, the Infant C/inst with the Shepherds, was a 

 favourite of Rubens. In this piece, the light is re- 

 presented as proceeding from the child. He designed 

 almost all the portraits in Vasari's Lives, and the 

 figures for the anatomical work of Vesalius. He died 

 in Naples, 1546. 



CALCARIOUS SPAR. See Lime. 

 CALCHAS ; son of Thestor ; priest and prophet of 

 the Greeks at the time of the Trojan war. When 

 the fleet destined for Troy assembled in the harbour 

 of Aulis, the Greeks, before their departure, attempt- 

 ed to propitiate the favour of the gods by sacrifices on 

 an altar under a plane-tree, when a serpent, creeping 

 from under the altar, crawled up the tree, devoured a 

 sparrow on her nest, with eight young ones, and was 

 then changed into a stone. The prophet now foretold 

 to the Greeks that Troy would not be subdued by them 

 till the tenth year of the siege. He himself accom- 

 panied the army to Troy. During the siege, the 

 Greeks were attacked by a plague, and C. declared 

 that it was the effect of Apollo's anger, because they 

 had deprived his priest of his daughter Chryseis, whom. 

 Agamemnon had selected as his mistress. He coun- 

 selled the Greeks to appease Apollo by restoring the 

 damsel ; and it was at his advice that they afterwards 

 built the wooden horse. He prophesied that the Tro- 

 jan .(Eneas would found an empire in Italy. After 

 .'s death, an oracle was dedicated to him on mount 

 Drium in Baunia. 



CALCINATION. Calcination, ns commonly understood, 

 consists in heating bodies in a steady fire, at a greater 

 or less temperature. The product is a powder which 

 is called calx. In a narrow sense, we understand by 

 this process a change of metals into a metallic calx, 

 or metallic earth. . Metals are calcined in two ways 



