802 



CALDAKA CALDER. 



from tins source, are three times as great as a capital 

 commonly gives. The Hindoos remain fixed, how- 

 ever rich they may become, in th*ir narrow views 

 niul their accustomed frugality. Their houses ~and 

 shops are mean, and it is only on occasion of their 

 nuptials and religious festivals, that they indulge in 

 any extraordinary expense. Then they assemble un- 

 der magnificent, illuminated canopies, distribute rose- 

 water and other perfumes in profusion, and regale 

 themselves with confr-clionary from golden vessels, 

 while they are entertained by the voices of singing 

 girls, or the exhibition of a pantomime. The petty 

 trade of C. is mostly in the hands of the Banyans and 

 Sarkars, who are constantly on the watch for cheap 

 purchases, and make use of the lowest artifices to im- 

 pose on their customers. This kind of deception is so 

 far from being in disrepute among their countrymen, 

 that they honour the adepts in it with the title of 

 pucka ii'/i/if, which signifies a man of great talent. 



Notwithstanding the high price of all the neces- 

 saries of life, ana the enormous expenditure of the 

 Uritish merchants, we find a multitude of institutions 

 for tin- relief of the indigent. Of this kind arc, an 

 hospital for those natives who are in want of medical 

 aid, two schools for orphans whose fathers were in the 

 service of the Company, &c. The college of Fort 

 William, founded by the marquis of Wellesley, has 

 been changed, in part, from its original plan, which 

 was, not only to instruct the youth in the service of 

 the Company in the languages, and other branches of 

 study necessary for their profession, but also to watch 

 over their behaviour, and to guard them from the 

 dangers to which they were exposed by their inex- 

 perience. The latter part of the plan is now given up. 

 The Asiatic society, founded by Sir W illiam Jones, 

 in 1784, is devoted to the study and explanation of 

 the literature, history, antiquities, arts, and sciences of 

 Asia. The papers already published are, generally, 

 of great value. There is a botanical garden belong- 

 ing to the society on the beautiful island of Garden 

 Reach, the summer residence of the rich British. 



CALDARA, Polidoro, called Caravaggio, an eminent 

 painter, was born in 1 485, at Caravaggio, in the Mil- 

 anese. He went to Rome in his youth, and carried 

 bricks, at first, for the masons who worked. in the 

 Vatican. He first felt a great desire to become a 

 painter, from seeing Giovanni da Udina and the other 

 painters who were occupied in the Vatican. He 

 formed a close friendship with Maturin of Florence, 

 who assisted him with his advice. C. soon surpassed 

 him, and exerted himself to introduce improvements 

 in drawing, having al ways in view the antiques. 

 Raphael employed him in the galleries of the Vatican, 

 where he painted, under his direction, several excel- 

 lent friezes. At Messina, he executed an oil-painting, 

 which represents Christ bearing the cross, contains a 

 number of beautiful figures, and proves his ability to 

 treat the most elevated subjects. He has approached, 

 more than any one, to the style and the manner of the 

 ancients, particularly in imitating their basso-relievos. 

 His figures are correct, well distributed, and ar- 

 ranged; the positions are natural, the heads full of 

 expression and character. It is evident that he would 

 have acquired great celebrity if he had undertaken 

 greater works. He applied himself to the chiaro- 

 oscuro, particularly to that kind of it which is called 

 sgraffiato. He showed, also, much talent in his land- 

 scapes. At the sack of Rome, in 1527, he fled to 

 Naples, and, on his return from that place to Rome, 

 in 1543, he was murdered by his domestic. 



CALDARA, a celebrated composer of the eighteenth 

 contury, was bora at Venice, 1714, and died 1763. 

 His church compositions are still in repute. 



CALDAS DE MONBCY ; a small town in Catalonia, 

 Spain, about twenty miles north of Barcelona. It 



contains hot mineral springs, of such a temperature 

 that the inhabitants bring eggs, vegetables, c., to 

 boi) them in the water. When cooled, it is drunk for 

 scrofulous and rheumatic complaints. 



CALDER, a parish in the lower ward of Lanarkshire, 

 thirteen miles in length and from three to four in 

 breadth, situated on the south of the river Kelvin. 

 The face of the country is, with a small exception, 

 level, and the soil varies from a light sand to a deep 

 earth and black moss. Great improvements in agri- 

 culture have taken place of late years, which are 

 partly owing to the activity produced by the great 

 canal between the Forth and ClydCj which runs 

 through the parish for four miles. Freestone and 

 limestone abound here. The roads from Glasgow to 

 Edinburgh and to Falkirk by Cumbernaula, pass 

 through this parish, in which the wall of Antoninus 

 can be traced distinctly for four miles. At Robroy- 

 stone, on the llth of September, 1813, Sir William 

 Wallace was betrayed by Sir John Monteith, to Ed- 

 ward I. of England, by whom he was basely exe- 

 cuted. 



CALDER, formerly a district in the western part of 

 the county of Edinburgh, comprehending two par- 

 ishes. One of these was entitled Calder- Clere, from 

 one Randulph de Clere, who obtained the manor 

 from Malcolm IV. The other district was called 

 Calder-Comitis, from being a possession of the earls of 

 Fife, who held it till the reign of David II. In 

 1646, this large parish was divided into two parishes, 

 with the names of Mid and West Calder. It may be 

 noted, that the word Calder signifies a place of wood 

 and water, and is expressive of the ancient sylvan 

 character of the territory. 



CALDER (East), a village in the county of Edinburgh, 

 in the above mentioned district, lying a mile east of 

 the town of Mid Calder, on the south road from 

 Edinburgh to Glasgow. 



CALDER (Mid), a parish in the western part of the 

 county of Edinburgh, within the presbytery of Lin- 

 lithgow, extending seven miles in length by three in 

 breadth. It is a flat, fertile, well cultivated district, 

 adorned with plantations. The town*of Mid Calder 

 is situated on the south road from Edinburgh to Glas- 

 gow, about twelve miles from the former city, in a 

 south-westerly direction. Calder wood overhangs it 

 on one side. There are two paper mills in the neigh- 

 bourhood, and limestone is abundant. Two annual 

 fairs are held here. Population in 1831, 1489. 



CALDER (West), a parish in the south-western ex- 

 tremity of the county of Edinburgh, of a triangular 

 shape, and of ten miles in length. The original 

 character of this high-lying district was bleak and un- 

 promising, but much has been done to improve the 

 soil and climate. The parish abounds in coal and 

 ironstone, and has some quarries of limestone. The 

 parish town is a small village on the road from Edin- 

 burgh to Lanark, lying seventeen miles from the for- 

 mer. Population in 1831, 1617. 



CALDER, or CAWDOR, a parish in the counties of 

 Nairn and Inverness, four miles in length, with a gen- 

 eral breadth of two miles, except at one place where 

 it is seven or eight miles. It lies at the distance of 

 two or three miles from the sea, bounded by Nairn on 

 the north. The greater proportion of it is moorish, 

 and the low grounds are very liable to be overflowed 

 by the river Nairn and the Calder water. The river 

 Findhorn passes the parish on its south-eastern ex- 

 tremity, and the hilly country is partly covered with 

 natural woods. Calder or Cawdor castle, still in con- 

 siderable preservation, stands in this parish near a 

 small lake. It furnished the second title to Macbeth, 

 and was, at one time, when defended with a draw- 

 bridge and moat, a place of great strength. The 

 . romantic grounds around it are now ueautifullj 





