CALDER CALDERON. 



803 



planted with shrubbery. The estate of Calder has 

 long been in the possession of a branch of the family 

 of Argyle, which has latterly been ennobled, under 

 the tide of lord Cawdor. Population in 1831, 1120. 



CALDER (South), a rivulet in the eastern side of 

 Lanarkshire, which falls into the Clyde near Cam- 

 busnethan. At a certain point of its course near Or- 

 biston, there is a very entire arch of Roman architec- 

 ture spanning its little channel, but without any para- 

 pets; being the bridge by which the Roman road 

 between Carlisle and Paisley crossed the stream. 



CALDER (North), a rivulet further north in Lanark- 

 shire, which flows from a small lake called Black 

 Loch, in the parish of East Monkland, and joins the 

 Clyde, nearly opposite Blantyre, about five miles 

 above Glasgow. 



CALDER WATER, a rivulet in Renfrewshire, rising in 

 the hilly country adjacent to Kilmalcolm moss, and 

 running in a south-easterly direction, passes through 

 Lochwinnoch, and afterwards falls into the loch of 

 Castle Semple, from whence flows the Black Cart. 



CALDERARI (coppersmiths). This name was assumed 

 by one of the many secret societies which have sprung 

 up in Italy, from the political agitation of the times. 

 Of late years they have been most numerous at 

 Naples, and, indeed, more so in the provinces than in 

 the capital, where they were once united, for a long 

 time, with the Carbonari, but were afterwards op- 

 posed to them. All these societies, so far as they 

 have any definite political object, appear to have in 

 view the political union of Italy, and its liberation 

 from foreign dominion, but differ from each other so 

 widely, in regard to the means and the results, that a 

 decided hostility has been the consequence. 



Of the true character of each of these societies, 

 among which the Calderari and the Carbonari have 

 been the most famous and extensive, it is as difficult 

 to give any certain information, as it is to ascertain 

 their history ; for, though they have both, and parti- 

 cularly the Carbonari, published their statutes and 

 proceedings since 1817, yet these sources of informa- 

 tion have not all reached us, nor are they entirely to 

 be depended on. Of the Calderari, we are told by 

 count Orloff (Memoirea sur le Royaume de Naplet, 

 vol. ii. 286), that they sprang from the Carbonari, 

 towards the end of the year 1813. It appears tliat a 

 change was then made in the form of the society, 

 which had become too large, and a great number of 

 its former members were excluded in consequence. 

 These united themselves into a new society, under 

 the name of the Calderari, and became the most bit- 

 ter opponents of their former brethren. After the re- 

 turn of king Ferdinand to Naples, prince Canosa, minis- 

 ter of police, favoured the Calderari, that he might 

 more effectually put down the Carbonari, who were 

 objects of his suspicion. For this purpose, he organiz- 

 ed them anew, divided them into wards, appointed a 

 central ward in each province to oversee the rest, and 

 cave them the name of Calderari del contrapeso (Cal- 

 derari of the counterpoise). He distributed 20,000 

 muskets among them ; but, when the king was ap- 

 prized of this hazardous undertaking, which had been 

 begun without his knowledge, a stop was put to any 

 further proceedings by Canosa's dismissal and banish- 

 ment; but the association was not then abolished. 

 This account has been contradicted from other quar- 

 ters. Canosa was turned out of his office, which he 

 had held but six months, June 27, 1816 ; and, three 

 months after his banishment, a royal decree was is- 

 sued, renewing the prohibitions and penalties against 

 all secret societies, not excepting the Calderari, and 

 commanding their prosecution, although they had 

 lately manitested their attachment to the king and to 

 good order. Canosa himself, in an anonymous work 

 (I Pijferidi Montagna, Dublin, 1820), has contradicted 



the statements of count Orloff with regard to him and 

 the Calderari. Accordingto his account, they sprangup, 

 not in Naples, but in Palermo, when lord Bentinck abo- 

 lished the companies of tradesmen. This measure excit- 

 ed great dissatisfaction. The 'coppersmiths,' or Calder* 

 ari, in particular, declared to the queen their readi- 

 ness to take up arms against the British, and disturb- 

 ances ensued, in which the Neapolitan fugitives took 

 a conspicuous part. Lord Bentinck had them sent to 

 Naples, where they became active in the secret asso- 

 ciations against Murat ; and, on this occasion, one of 

 the old societies, which had hitherto borne the name 

 of Trinitarians, assumed that of Calderari. When 

 it was proposed, in the ministry of 1816, to take strong 

 measures against them, as the remains of the party of 

 1799, prince Canosa was for upholding the party, not 

 for any selfish reason, but from the belief that they 

 were a necessary counteqpoise to the more numerous 

 and formidable Carbonari. The society, however, 

 has never adopted the name of Calderari of the coun- 

 terpoise ; and the story of the distribution of muskets 

 is contradicted by prince Canosa, in the publication 

 above mentioned. The Calderari, who, according to 

 the above accounts, appear to be a continuation ofthe 

 body got together by cardinal Ruffo, in 1799, are 

 composed, almost entirely, of the lower classes, and, 

 hence, not so much has been published by them, as 

 by the Carbonari. A single unimportant publication, 

 by the jurist Pasqu. Tonelli (Breve Idea delta Car- 

 bonaria, sua Origine nel Regno de Napoli, suo Scopo, 

 sua Persecuzione e Causa die fe' nascere la Setta de' 

 Calderari, Naples, 1820), has a notice of them. 



CALDERON. Don Pedro Calderon de la Barca He- 

 nao, descended from an ancient family, was born at 

 Madrid, Jan. 1, 1601, received his early education in 

 the Jesuits' college of his native city, and studied at 

 Salamanca, where he devoted himself chiefly to his- 

 tory, philosophy, and jurisprudence. His poetical 

 genius early discovered itself. Before his fourteenth 

 year he had written his third play,- El Carro del Cielo 

 (vol. 9 of his works). His talent for this species of 

 poetry, which has brought his name down to posterity, 

 and, perhaps, his powers of invention in the prepara- 

 tion of entertainments for festivals, soon gained him 

 friends and patrons. When He left Salamanca, in 

 1625, to seek employment at the court of Madrid, 

 many noblemen interested themselves in bringing 

 forward the young poet. But, having an inclination 

 for the military profession, he entered the service in 

 1625, and bore arms with distinction for ten years in 

 Milan and the Netherlands. In 1636 he was re- 

 called by Philip IV., who gave him the direction of 

 the court entertainments, and, in particular, the pre- 

 paration of plays for the court theatre. The next 

 year he was made knight of the order of San Jago, 

 and served in the campaign at Catalonia. The unex- 

 pected termination of the war restored him again to 

 his peaceful occupation. The king now conferred on 

 him a monthly pension of thirty escudos de oro ; but 

 he still employed his talents with unintermitted indus- 

 try in composing for the theatre and the church. The 

 king spared no cost in the representation of his thea- 

 trical pieces. Ten years after, in 1651, he procured 

 permission from the order of San Jago to enter the 

 clerical profession, and, in 1653, obtained a chaplain's 

 office in the archiepiscopal church at Toledo, without 

 quitting, however, his former occupation. But, as 

 this situation removed him too far from court, he re- 

 ceived, in 1663, another at the king's court chapel 

 (being still allowed to hold the former) ; and, at the 

 same time, a pension was assigned him from the Sici- 

 lian revenue. His fame greatly increased his income, 

 as he was solicited by the principal cities of Spain to 

 compose their autos sacramentales, for which he was 

 liberally paid. He bestowed particular pains on the 



