CALENDER CALICO PRINTING. 



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Autumn, from the 22d Sept. to the 22d Dec. ; 

 yendemiaire, vintage month (Oct.) ; Brumaire, foggy 

 month (Nov.) ; Frimaire, sleet month (Dec.) : Win- 

 ter, from 22d |Dec. to 22d March ; Nivose, snowy 

 month (Jan.) ; Ventose, windy month (Feb.) ; Pluvi- 

 ose, rainy month (March) -.Spring, from 22d March 

 to 22d June ; Germinal, bud month (April) ; Floreal, 

 flower month (May) ; Prairial, meadow month (June): 

 Summer, from 22d June to 22d Sept. ; Messidor, har- 

 vest month (July) ; TAermidor, hot month (Aug.) ; 

 Fructidor, fruit month (Sept). The 10 days of each 

 decade were called, 1. Primidi, 2. Duodi, 'A. Tridi, 

 4. Quartidi, 5. Qvintidt, 6. Sextidi, 7. Septidi, 8. 

 Octidi, 9. Nonidi, 10. Decadi (the Sabbath). Besides 

 this, each day in the year had its particular name, 

 appropriate to the time when it occurred; e. g., the 

 7th of vintage month, f'endemiaire, was named ear- 

 ottes (carrots). This calendar was abolished, at the 

 command of Napoleon, by a decree of the senate, 9th 

 Sept., 1805, and the common Christian or Gregorian 

 calendar introduced throughout the French empire. 

 (For a pretty full historical account of this subject, see 

 Busch's Handbuch der Erfindungen, vol. vii., p. 152 

 et seq. ; also Gebelin's Histoire du Calendrier. There 

 are also astronomical calendars, to which the Astro- 

 nomical Year-Book of Professor Bode belongs, and of 

 which 30 vols. had appeared in 1822. It is still con- 

 tinued. Of the same class are the Paris Connoisance 

 des Temps, and the London Nautical Almanac.) See 

 Almanac and Chronology. 



CALENDER. Different fabrics, before they leave the 

 hands of the manufacturer, are subjected to certain 

 processes, the object of which is to make them smooth 

 and glossy, to glaze them, to water them, or give 

 them a wavy appearance. This is done, in general, 

 by pressing the fabric between wooden or metallic 

 cylinders, whence the machine is called a calender, 

 and the workman a calenderer. See Bleaching. 



CALENDERS. A sect of dervises in Turkey and Per- 

 sia. They are not very strict in their morals, nor in 

 very high esteem among the Mohammedans. They 

 preach in the market places, and live upon alms. 

 Their name is derived from their founder. See Der- 

 vise. 



CALENDS, with the Romans, the first days of the 

 month ; so called because the pontifex maximus then 

 proclaimed (calavit) whether the nones would be on 

 the 5th or the 7th. This was the custom until the 

 year 450 U. C., when the fasti calendares, or calen- 

 dar (q. v.), were affixed to the wall of public places. 

 The Greeks did not make use of calends ; whence 

 the proverbial expression ad Grcecas calendas (on the 

 Greek calends), meaning never. The calends of Ja- 

 nuary were more solemn than the others, and were 

 consecrated to Janus and Juno. On this day, the 

 magistrates entered on their offices, and friends inter- 

 changed presents. On the calends, debtors were ob- 

 liged to pay the interest of their debts ; hence tristes 

 calendes (Hor. Serm. 1 Sat. 3. v. 87). The book of 

 accounts was called Calendarium. 



Calends, in ecclesiastical history, denotes confer- 

 ences, anciently held by the clergy of each deanery 

 on the first of each month, concerning their duty and 

 conduct. Du Gange, in voce. 



CALENTCFRE ; a violent fever, incident to persons in 

 hot climates, especially to such as are natives of cool- 

 er climates. It is attended with delirium ; and the 

 patient imagines the sea to be a green field, in which 

 he is tempted to walk by the coolness and freshness 

 of its appearance. This is, at least, the poetical ex- 

 planation of-the matter. The fact seems to be, that 

 the intense inflammation of the fever prompts the pa- 

 tient to plunge into cold water to relieve his sufferings. 



CALEPIN (French) ; a lexicon. The name is derived 

 from Calepino, a famous grammarian and lexicogra- 



pher of the fifteenth century, who was the author of 

 a polyglot dictionary, which has passed through nu- 

 merous editions, and been enlarged by different edi- 

 tors. The most complete edition is that of Bale, 

 1590, fol., in eleven languages. This work was usu- 

 ally called the Calepin, and such was its celebrity, 

 that the name became a common appellation for a 

 learned lexicon. 



CALIBER ; the interior diameter of the bore of any 

 piece of ordnance, or the diameter of a shot or shell. 



Caliber or calliper compasses are a sort of compass- 

 es with arched legs, used in the artillery practice, to 

 take the diameter of any round body, particularly of 

 shot or shells, the bore of ordnance, &c. The instru- 

 ment consists of two thin pieces of brass, joined by a 

 rivet, so as to move quite round each other. It con- 

 tains a number of tables, rules, &c., connected with 

 the artillery practice. 



CALICO PRINTING is the art of applying colours to 

 cloth after it has come from the hand of the weaver, 

 in such a manner as to form patterns or figures. This 

 art is sometimes practised on linen, woollen, and silk ; 

 but most frequently upon that species of cotton cloth 

 called calico, whence it derives its name. It is 

 not more than a century and a half since this art 

 was first practised in Europe, having been brought 

 from India, where it has been known for two thou- 

 sand years. It appears also to have been known 

 among the Egyptians at the time of Pliny, as he has 

 left a short description of this method of printing. 

 The art, as practised in India even at the present 

 day, presents a series of clumsy and tedious processes 

 widely contrasted with those of the British manufac- 

 tures, of which, in their present advanced state, we 

 proceed to give an account. The cloth, before it 

 goes to the hand of the printer, is subjected to seve- 

 ral preparatory processes. It is bleached after the 

 manner described under the article Bleaching, and, for 

 the purpose of removing the loose threads and other 

 irregularities on the surface, it is passed through the 

 singeing machine (See Singeing), an operation which 

 calico printers call dressing. When the pieces have 

 been singed,theyare put intoaweak alkaline bath, at 

 the temperature of 100 Fahrenheit, and allowed to 

 steep for twenty-four hours. It is usual to carry on the 

 steeping and singeing at the same time, the pieces be- 

 ing taken from the alkaline bath and passed in a wet 

 state through the singeing apparatus, and then return- 

 ed to the bath again. Notwithstanding the greatest 

 care, it usually happens that spots of grease are con- 

 tracted by the cloth, which it is necessary to re- 

 move, by placing the cloth in an alkaline solution, 

 until the spots be entirely extracted, which may be 

 easily ascertained, as the greased portion of the cloth 

 will always appear dry. This process is called ashing, 

 and ought to be carefully conducted, in order that the 

 spots be entirely removed. The cloth being cleared 

 of grease, is put into the sour, which consists of a so- 

 lution of sulphuric acid, in soft water, to the extent 

 of 20 pounds of the acid for every 100 gallons of wa- 

 ter. The solution is contained in a leaden cistern, and 

 the pieces are drawn through it by means of a winch 

 and roller, an operation called turning, and continued 

 for about a quarter of an hour. By this means, the 

 acid of the turning bath combines with the alkali, 

 with which the cloth was impregnated in the forego, 

 ing operation ; and, in order to clear it of both after 

 the souring has been finished, the pieces are tho- 

 roughly washed in running water. The cloth is now 

 prepared for the printer, if copper-plates or cylinders 

 be employed ; but if the patterns are to be formed by 

 pencilling or by the block, the pieces must be pas- 

 sed through the calender. 



The process of calico printing bears a strong ana- 

 logy to that of dyeing ; in feet, it is only the art of 



