CALICUT CALIGULA. 



809 



municating a black, brown, and various shades of pur 

 pie ; arid, by combining this mordant with that first 

 noticed, a chocolate is obtained by dyeing with mad- 

 der. 



When it is necessary to discharge colours, some 

 agent is taken which will destroy the affinity between 

 the colour and the mordant. This is commonly an 

 acid. For discharging colours fixed by the pyrolignate 

 of iron or preparations of alum, citric acid, mixea with 

 gum or pipe-clay and a little vitriol, is used. Tartaric 

 acid is used as a discharge for turkey red, and proto- 

 chloride of iron for converting manganese brown into a 

 buff; and if protochloride ot tin be employed instead 

 of protochloride of iron, the cloth will be rendered 

 white. If sulphate of lead be mixed with this last, 

 then the cloth will be rendered yellow by being pas- 

 sed through a solution of bichromate of potash. 



For the purpose of preventing the indigo in the 

 blue vat from fixing on the cloth, substances called 

 resist pastes are employed, which have the property 

 of parting easily with their oxygen. A paste is form- 

 ed by a mixture of acetate and sulphate of copper, 

 together with gum, pipe-clay, or starch. This is cal- 

 led the blue paste, and is capable of resisting deep 

 colour ; but a mild paste for light tints may be made 

 by a mixture of pipe-clay, gum-arabic, or sulphate of 

 zinc. A red paste is made by mixing together the mor 

 dant first described with pipe-clay and gum-arabic ; 

 which paste answers exceedingly well for light blue ; 

 and, if the cloth is not to remain long in the dye, a 

 paste may be formed of the last two substances, toge- 

 ther with sulphate of copper and lime juice. We 

 have extended this article beyond the proportionate 

 length, and will therefore draw to a conclusion, as 

 the remaining processes are so nearly allied to those 

 of dyeing, that they will be there introduced with 

 more propriety. 



CALICUT ; a city of Hindostan, formerly capital of 

 the kingdom of C., which was ceded to the British in 

 1792. From this port the first vessel was freighted 

 with Indian commodities for Europe, by Vasco da 

 Gama, in 1498. The ancient city, however, is now 

 buried beneath the sea ; and, at low tides, the tops of 

 temples and minarets are discernible. The present 

 town stands on a low shore, and has considerable 

 trade. It was taken and destroyed by Tippoo Saib, 

 but was rebuilt when the country fell into the hands 

 of the British. Cardamoms, teak, sandal-wood, pep- 

 per, and wax are the principal exports. It contains 

 5000 houses. Lat. 11 15' N. ; Ion. 75 60' E. The 

 rajah of the C. district, or the Tamuri rajah, called 

 Zamorin by the Europeans, is a Bramin, who pretends 

 to be superior to the other Bramins, and inferior only 

 to the gods. The males of the family are called Tam- 

 burans, and the females Tumlurelties. These ladies 

 are married at the age of ten, but it would be scan- 

 dalous for them to have any intercourse with their 

 husbands. The Namburi Bramins, or the Nairs, are 

 the fathers of their children, who are all, of course, in 

 the dilemma described by Telemachus. 



CALIF and CALIFATE. See Caliph. 



CALIFORNIA, Gulf of; a gulf on the west coast of 

 North America, in Mexico, lying on the east side of 

 the peninsula of California, extending from S. S. E. to 

 N. N. W., between lat. 22 40' and 34 N. It is 

 about 800 miles long, and, through most of its length, 

 is less than 100 miles wide. It receives the river 

 Colorado at its northern extremity. It contains nu- 

 merous islands and shoals, and is of difficult naviga- 

 tion. 



CALIFORNIA, New ; a province of Mexico, on the 

 coast of the N. Pacific ocean, called, by captain Van- 

 couver, Neio Albion. It lies north of the peninsula, 

 which is called Old California, and is 600 miles long, 

 and only thirty broad. Square leagues, 2,125. Mon- 



tery is the capital. There is no, country in the 

 world which more abounds in fish and game of every 

 description. Hares, rabbits, and stags are very com- 

 mon here; seals and otters are also found in pro- 

 digious numbers. To the northward, and during the 

 winter, the inhabitants kill a very great number of 

 foxes, bears, wolves, and wild-cats. The land pos- 

 sesses, also, great fertility; farinaceous roots and 

 seeds of all kinds abundantly prosper here. The 

 crops of maize, barley, corn, and peas, cannot be 

 equalled but by those of Chili. European cultivators 

 can have no conception of a similar fertility. The 

 medium produce of corn is from 70 to 80 for 1 ; ths 

 extremes, 60 and 100. The population, in 1802, in- 

 cluding Indians who hBd settled and begun to culti- 

 vate fields, was 15,562. 



CALIFORNIA, Old ; a province of Mexico, comprising 

 a peninsula in the Pacific ocean, united, on the north, 

 to the continent of North America, from which the 

 other part is separated by a narrow sea, called the 

 gulf of California, and bounded S. and W. by the 

 Pacific ocean ; near 900 miles in length, and, in dif- 

 ferent places, 30, 60, 90, and 120 miles wide. A 

 chain of mountains extends through the peninsula, of 

 which the greatest height is from 4500 to 4900 feet 

 above the sea. This peninsula is said to have been 

 discovered by Sir Francis Drake, and by him called 

 Neio Albion ; and the gulf of California lias been 

 sometimes called the Fermillion sea, or Purple sea, or 

 Red sea. In a peninsula of so great an extent, which 

 reaches nearly from 23 to 34 N. lat, the soil and cli- 

 mate must naturally be found to vary. Some parts are 

 continually covered with flowers, but the greater part 

 is wild, rugged, and barren, overrun with rocks and 

 sand, and destitute of water. From cape St Lucas to 

 the Colorado, nearly 200 leagues, only two streams 

 run into the gulf of California. Population in 1803, 

 9000. The principal places are Santa Maria, St Ig- 

 natio, St Isidore, Loreto, St Estevan, St Xavier, St 

 Yago, Rosalio, St Juan Guadalupe, and St Joseph. 



CALIGULA, Cains Caesar Augustus Germanicus, son 

 of Germanicus and Agrippina, was born, A. D. 12, in 

 the camp, probably in Germany, and brought up 

 among the legions. Here he received, from the sol- 

 diers, the surname of C., on account of his wearing 

 the caligte, a kind of little boots in use among them. 

 He understood so well how to insinuate himself into 

 the good graces of Tiberius, that he not only escaped 

 the cruel fate of his parents, and brothers, and sisters, 

 but was even loaded with honours. Whether, as 

 some writers inform us, he removed Tiberius out of 

 the way by slow poison, is uncertain. When the lat- 

 ter was about to die, he appointed, according to Sue- 

 tonius, Caligula and the son of Drusus, Tiberius 

 Nero, heirs of the empire. But Caligula, universally 

 beloved for the sake of his father, Germanicus, was 

 able, without difficulty, to obtain sole possession of 

 the throne. Rome received him joyfully, and the 

 distant provinces echoed his welcome. His first ac- 

 tions were just and noble. He interred, in the most 

 honourable manner, the remains of his mother and of 

 his brother Nero, set free all state-prisoners, recalled 

 the banished, and forbade all prosecutions for treason. 

 He conferred on the magistrates free and independent 

 power. Although the will of Tiberius had been de- 

 clared, by the senate, to be null and void, he fulfilled 

 every article of it, with the exception only of that 

 above mentioned. When he was chosen consul, he 

 took his uncle Claudius as his colleague. Thus he 

 distinguished the first eight months of his reign by 

 many.magnanimous actions, when he fell sick. After 

 his recovery, by a most unexpected alteration, he 

 suddenly showed himself the most cruel and unnatural 

 of tyrants. Tlje most exquisite tortures served him 

 for enjoyments. During his meals, he caused crimi 

 4x 



