CALK, CALLISTHENES. 



815 



ferent religious parties, and the greatest scholars of 

 his time, developed that independence and liberality 

 of opinion, for which he was distinguished. After a 

 brilliant victory, in 16 14, in a religious dispute with 

 the Jesuit Turrianus, he was made professor of 

 theology, and died in 1656. His treatises on the 

 authority of the holy Scriptures, transubstantiation, 

 celibacy, supremacy of the pope, and the Lord's sup- 

 per, belong, even according to the judgment of 

 learned catholics, to the most profound and acute 

 writings against Catholicism. But his genius, and 

 the depth of his exegetic and historical knowledge, 

 exposed him to the persecutions of the zealots of his 

 time. His assertion, that the points of difference be- 

 tween Calvinists and Lutherans were of less impor- 

 tance than the doctrines in which they were agreed, 

 and that the doctrine of the Trinity was less distinctly 

 expressed in the Old Testament than in the New, and 

 his recommendation of good works, drew upon him 

 the reproaches of cryptopapism. His heresy was 

 termed Syncretism (q. v.). The elector John George 

 I. of Saxony protected him in 1655, at the diet of 

 Ratisbon, against the Lutheran theologians. His his- 

 torical investigations and his philosophical spirit shed 

 new light on dogmatic theology and the exegesis of 

 the Bible, and gave them a more scientific form. He 

 made Christian morality a distinct branch of science, 

 and, by reviving the study of the Christian fathers 

 and of the history of the church, prepared the way for 

 Spener, Thomasius, and Semler. He educated his son 

 Frederic Ulrich Calixtus, and many other enlightened 

 theologians. 



CALK ; to drive a quantity of oakum into the seams 

 of planks, to prevent the entrance of water. After 

 the oakum is driven in, it is covered with melted pitch 

 or resin, to preserve it from the action of the water. 



CALKAR. See Calcar. 



CALKOEN, Jan Frederic van Beek, a Dutch scholar 

 and astronomer, born 1772, at Groningen, died in 

 1811. He was a member of many learned societies, 

 professor at Leyden, and afterwards at Utrecht. His 

 Euryalus on Beauty, and another work on the Time- 

 Pieces of the Ancients, are deserving of mention. 

 His essay against the work of Dupuis, Origine de 

 tons les Cultes, obtained the Taylerian prize. 



CALL is the cry of a bird to its young, or to its 

 mate in coupling time, which, in most instances, is a 

 repetition of one note, and is generally common to 

 the cock and hen. Calls are also a sort of pipes used 

 by fowlers to catch birds, by imitating their notes. 

 They are commonly formed of a pipe, reed, or quill, 

 and blown by bellows attached to it, or by the mouth. 

 Hares are also sometimes taken by a call. 



CALLANDER, a parish in Menteith, the south-western 

 division of Perthshire ; the length of the parish is 

 sixteen miles, and its breadth ten. It lies partly 

 among the Grampian mountains, and partly consists 

 of the beautiful valley through which the Teith river 

 flows. The low grounds are arable and fertile ; the 

 upper country is wild and heathy. The town or 

 village of Callander is situated in the above valley on 

 Uie north side of the Teith, sixteen miles north-west 

 of Stirling. Callandei may be reckoned the threshold 

 of the Highlands in this quarter. A mile west of the 

 village is the pass of Leny, which affords access to a 

 splendid range of mountain scenery. The bridge of 

 .ISrirklin is another capital point in the scenery im- 

 mediately round Callander. Ten miles to the west are 

 the famed and now classic scenes, Loch Katrine and 

 the Trosachs. Population in 1831, 1,909. 



CALLAO ; a seaport town of Peru, on a river of the 

 same name, near the Pacific ocean. It is the port of 

 the city of Lima, from which it is six miles distant. 

 Lou. 77 4' W. ; lat. 12 3' S. ; population, about 

 5,000. The road is one of the most beautiful, the 



largest and safest, in the South sea. Two islands, 

 named St Laurence and Callao, and the peninsula, 

 which nearly reaches them, defend vessels from south 

 winds : towards the west and north is open sea, but 

 the winds from these points are never violent ; the 

 water is always tranquil ; is deep, and without rocks. 

 C. is the rendezvous of from 16 to 17,000 tons of 

 shipping, 5,000 of which are reserved for the naviga- 

 tion of the Pacific ocean. The town was fortified by 

 ten bastions and some batteries, and defended by a 

 garrison. There are two fauxbourgs inhabited by 

 .Indians. In 1746, this town was destroyed by an 

 earthquak^e, when, of 4,000 inhabitants, only 200 

 escaped. Since that time, C. has been rebuilt upon 

 the same plan, but a little farther from the sea. 



CALLENDER. See Calender. 



CALLIMACHUS, a Greek poet and grammarian, born 

 at Gyrene, in Lybia, of a noble family, flourished 

 under the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, about 250 

 years before Christ. He opened, in Alexandria, a 

 school of grammar, i. e., of the belles-lettres and 

 liberal sciences, and could boast of several scholars 

 of distinguished attainments, such as Eratosthenes, 

 Apollonius Rhodius, Aristophanes of Byzantium, &c. 

 Ptolemy Philadelphus presented him with a place in 

 the museum, and gave him a salary, as he did other 

 men of learning. After the death of Philadelphus, 

 he stood in equal favour with Ptolemy Euergetes. 

 Under these circumstances, he wrote most of his 

 works, the number of which was very considerable. 

 With the exception of some fragments, all that we 

 have of these is seventy-two epigrams and six hymns. 

 His poem on the hair of Berenice (coma Berenices') 

 has been preserved in the Latin translation of Catul- 

 lus. C.'s poems bear the stamp of their age, which 

 sought to supply the want of natural genius by a 

 great ostentation of learning. Instead of noble, sim_ 

 pie grandeur, they exhibit an overcharged style, a 

 false pathos, and a straining after the singular, the 

 antiquated, the learned. His elegies are mentioned 

 by the ancients with great praise, and served Pro- 

 pertius as models. The best edition of C. is by J. A. 

 Ernesti (Leyden, 1761, 2 vols.), which, as well as the 

 edition of Graevius (Utrecht, 1697, 2 vols.), contains 

 Spanheim's learned commentary. Valckenaer also 

 published Elegiarum Fragmenta, by this author (Ley- 

 den, 1799). 



CALLIOPE ; one of the muses (q. v.) ; daughter of 

 Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over elo- 

 quence and heroic poetry. She is said to have been 

 the mother of Orpheus by Apollo. She was repre- 

 sented with an epic poem in one hand, find a trumpet 

 in the other, and generally crowned with laurel. 



CALLISEN, Henry, a physician and surgeon, was 

 born in 1740, at Pentz, in Holstein. He educated 

 himself by his own exertions, and was made, in 1771, 

 chief surgeon in the Danish fleet, and, in 1773, pro- 

 fessor of surgery at the university in Copenhagen. 

 He wrote, in 1777, his Institut. Chirurgia hodiernoR, 

 which was received with applause by all Europe. In 

 Vienna, and at the Russian universities, lectures are 

 given on them. There are also excellent essays by 

 him in the medical journals. He died at Copenhagen, 

 February 5, 1824, at the age of eighty-four years. 



CALLISTHENES, a Greek philosopher and historian, a 

 native of Olynthus, was appointed to attend Alexan- 

 der in his expedition against Persia. His republican 

 sentiments rendered him unfit for a courtier, added to 

 which he had no small share of vanity. But his un- 

 pardonable crime was his opposition to the assumption 

 by that conqueror of divine honours. The conspiracy 

 of Hennolaus affording a pretext for a charge of 

 treason, he was apprehended. Historians disagree as 

 to his fate : but most of them admit that he was for 

 some time carried about with the army in the ignti 



