816 



CALLISTHENICS CALMUCS. 



minions diameter of a convicted traitor. Aristotle 

 states that he died of a disease contracted under this 

 treatment. Ptolemy asserts that he was crucified ; 

 Justin, that he was disfigured and confined in a cage, 

 with a dog for his companion, until Lysimachus 

 cnahled him to terminate his sufferings by poison. 

 He wrote a History of the Actions of Alexander, and 

 other historical works. 



( '.u.i.isTHKNirs. See Gymnastics. 



CALLISTO ; in mythology, a nymph of Diana, daugh- 

 ter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. Jupiter loved her, 

 assumed the shape of Diana, and seduced her. The 

 fruit of her amour, called Areas, was hid in the 

 woods, but preserved. She was clianged, by the 

 j 'aloiLsy of Juno, into a bear. Jupiter placed her, 

 with her son, among the stars, where she still shines 

 as the Great Bear. 



CALLOT, Jacques, an eminent engraver, was born 

 in 1594, at Nancy. He vanquished, oy perseverance, 

 every obstacle which obstructed his perfection in his 

 art. He twice ran away from his parents, who in- 

 truded him for another profession, fled to Italy, and 

 learned drawing, in Rome, under Giul. Parigi, engrav- 

 ing under Philip Thomassin, and became afterwards, 

 at Florence, a disciple of Canta-Gallina, and, at 

 Nancy, of Claude Henriet. He soon gave himself 

 up entirely to his love for engraving, and preferred 

 etching, probably because his active and fertile ge- 

 nius could, in that way, express itself more rapidly. 

 In the space of twenty years, he designed and exe- 

 cuted about 1,600 pieces. (See the catalogue in the 

 Cabinet de Singularites d' Architecture, Peinture, 

 Sculpture et Gramire, by Le Comte, vol. 2, p. 376 to 

 392, and Gersaint's Catalogue de Lorangere.) In the 

 composition, the disposition of the parts, and in the 

 distribution of light, C. is not particularly eminent ; 

 but, in the single parts of his pieces, he is very suc- 

 cessful. His drawing is correct ; the attitudes mostly 

 pleasing ; the groups have considerable variety ; 

 harsh contrasts are avoided ; the expression is vigor- 

 ous ; and the execution displays the ease of a master. 

 He is particularly distinguished by the drawing of the 

 little figures with which he has filled all his pieces. 

 Most of them, except sacred subjects, are representa- 

 tions of battles, sieges, dances, festive processions. 

 The Miseres et Malheurs de la Guerre, in eighteen 

 pieces, are considered the best. He executed works 

 of this kind for Cosmo II. of Florence, Louis III. of 

 Prance, and the duke of Lorraine. He was so 

 strongly inclined to the comic, that this disposition 

 appears even in his representations of sacred subjects, 

 for instance, in the Temptation of St Anthony. He 

 not only introduced some burlesque and grotesque 

 figures in his engravings, but executed whole pictures 

 in this style, in which his whole art is displayed. His 

 Fair and his Beggars are called his best pieces. He 

 was the first who used, in his etchings, the hard var- 

 nish the vernice grosso dei lignaiuoli of the Italians. 

 He died at Nancy, in 1635. He was distinguished 

 for piety, magnanimity, and regularity of life. See 

 the biography of C. by Gersaint, or that of Husson, 

 Paris, 1766. 



CALLUS, is a preternatural hardness, whether carne- 

 ous or osseous. The new growth of bony substance 

 between the extremities of Fractured bones, by which 

 they are united, is an instance of the latter. Exter- 

 nal friction or pressure produces the former, as in 

 the hands of labourers, and the feet of persons who 

 wear tight shoes. See Corns. 



CALHAR, the principal city of Smaland, in Sweden, 

 on the Baltic sea, is situated opposite to Oland, on the 

 island of Quarnholm, and contains 4,500 inhabitants. 

 It has a -small but good hartxwr, and carries on con- 

 siderable trade in timber, aUrn, and tar. It has also 

 manufactures of woollen clotn, and is the residence of 



a bishop, and of the governor of the province. The 

 well fortified castle of C. lies outside of the city, on 

 the strait of Oland. For the ordinance called the 

 I'H ion of Calmar, see Margaret, queen of Denmark 

 and Norway. 



CALMET, Augustine, distinguished as an exegetical 

 and historical writer, was born in 1672, at Mesnil-la- 

 Horgne, in the diocese of Toul, entered, in 1688, into 

 the Benedictine order at Toul, and studied chiefly in 

 the abbey of Moyen-Moutier. Here he became, in 

 1798, teacher of philosophy and theology; in 1728, 

 abbot of Senones, in Lorraine, and died, in 1757, at 

 Paris. He was a judicious compiler of voluminous 

 works, such as Commentaire sur tous Ifs Livres de 

 fAnc. et de Nouv. Test. (Paris, 170716, 23 vols, 

 4to.), Dictionnaire Hist, et Crit. de la Bible (4 vols.), 

 Histoire Eccl. et Civile de Lorraine (4 vols.) Acute- 

 ness and taste are wanting in his writings, and they 

 have been censured both hi France and in other 

 countries. 



CALMS, REGION OF. In the Atlantic ocean, between 

 the tropic of Cancer and lat. 29 N., and on the con- 

 fines of the trade winds, between 4 and 10 N. lat., 

 calms of long duration prevail ; and hence these tracts 

 are called the calm latitudes, or the region of calms. 

 In the latter tract, particularly, these perpetual calms 

 are accompanied by a suffocating heat, by thunder- 

 storms and floods of rain, so that it is sometimes called 

 the rainy sea. The only winds that occur are sudden 

 squalls of short duration and little extent. In these 

 calms, the provisions are corrupted, the seams open, 

 and the stagnant air breeds disease. When a ship is 

 in this position, if the currents set in towards rocks, 

 and the sea is too deep to cast anchor, her destruction 

 is almost inevitable. In the Mediterranean, where 

 there are no tides, dead calms are more common than 

 in the open ocean ; but they are often the presages 

 of approaching storms. 



CALMUCS (Oelot, Eleuthes); the most remarkable 

 branch of the Mongol race. They themselves main- 

 tain that their primitive residence was situated be- 

 tween the Koko-Noor (the Blue Lake) and Thibet. 

 Long before the time of Genghis Khan, a part of this 

 people is said to have made an expedition to the 

 west, as far as Asia Minor, and to have lost them- 

 selves there among the mountains of Caucasus ; but 

 the rest, who had remained in Great Tartary, re- 

 ceived, from their Tartar neighbours, the name of 

 Khalimik (the separated). In f- , they call them- 

 selves, to this day, Khalimik, though Oelot, which 

 signifies the same thing, continues to be their proper 

 appellation. They have been divided, at least since 

 the dismemberment of the Mongol empire, into four 

 principal branches, called Khoschot, Derbet, Soongar t 

 and Torgot. The greater portion of the Khoschot 

 Calmucs has remained in and around Thibet and on 

 the Koko-Noor, and is said to have been under the 

 protection of the Chinese since the downfall of the 

 Soongar Calmucs. The smaller portion of this tribe 

 had, long before, retired to the Irtish, and finally fell 

 under the dominion of the Soongar horde, with which 

 it took part in the war against China, and was dis- 

 persed with them. The horde of the Khoschots 

 (warriors), which is still united under the Chinese 

 sovereignty, received its name from the courage 

 which it displayed under Genghis, and is rated at 

 50,000 souls. For this reason, and also because the 

 family of their princes derives its origin immediately 

 from the brother of the great Genghis, the Khoschots 

 maintain the first rank among the Calmuc tribes. A 

 part of them, about 1800 families, settled on the 

 Wolga in 1759, and voluntarily submitted to the 

 Russian sovereignty. At the dismemberment of 

 the Mongol empire, the Soongar Calmucs consti- 

 tuted but one tribe with the Derbets, which was 



