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CALPURNIUS CALVIN. 



of those of Corneille, but his romances were highly 

 celebrated, and are, certainly, the best of their kind. 

 He is not destitute of poetical imagination, and his 

 characters are often dignified and well drawn, though 

 his Artaban has become a proverbial name for exag- 

 geration. He wrote with great rapidity. His plots, 

 however, are constructed with care, and his stories, 

 long as they are, are not deficient in keeping. His 

 lady has surpassed him in boldness of romantic narra- 

 tion in Les Nouvelles de la Princesse Alci&iane. 



CALPURNIUS, Titus Julius, a native of Sicily, lived 

 in the 3d century. We have seven idyls written by 

 him. which are not without merit, and approach near 

 to those of Virgil, although they are inferior to them 

 in elegance and purity, as well as to those of Theocri- 

 tus in simplicity and conformity to nature. The best 

 edition is that of Beck (Leipsic, 1803). 



CALTROP ; a kind of thistle, armed with prickles, 

 which grows in France, Italy, and Spain, and is 

 troublesome by miming into the feet of cattle. Hence, 

 in the military art, C. is an instrument with four iron 

 points, disposed in a triangular form, three of them 

 1 -\\\ turned to the ground, and the other pointing 

 upwards. They are used to impede the progress ot 

 cavalry. 



CALUMET ; the Indian pipe of peace. The origin of* 

 the word is doubtful. Heckewelder, in his Narrative 

 of the Mission of the United Brethren among the 

 Delaware and Mohegan Indians (Phil. 1820), gives 

 several derivations. Mr Duponceau thinks it may 

 come from the French chalumeau, a reed. Upon all 

 occasions, when Indian chiefs and warriors meet in 

 peace, or at the close of a war with those of another 

 nation, in their talks and treaties with the whites, or 

 even when a single person of distinction comes among 

 them, the calumet is handed round with ceremonies 

 peculiar to each tribe, and each member of the com- 

 pany draws a few whiffs. To accept the calumet, is 

 to agree to the terms proposed ; to refuse it, is to re- 

 ject them. Some symbols of amity are found among 

 all nations: the white flag, or flag of truce, of the 

 moderns, and the olive branch of the ancients, are 

 similar in character to the Indian calumet The 

 calumet is still in use among the Indians, and was in- 

 troduced at a late interview between president Adams 

 and the chiefs of some Indian tribes. Tobacco is 

 smoked in the calumet, and the leaves of various 

 other kinds of plants. The bowl of this pipe is made 

 of different kinds of marble, and the stem of a reed, 

 or of some light kind of wood, which is easily per- 

 forated. This stem is adorned in various ways ; 

 sometimes it is marked with the figures of animals, 

 and hieroglyphical delineations, and almost univer 

 sally has beautiful feathers attached to it, disposed 

 according to the taste of the individual, or of the 

 tribe to which he belongs. The calumet dance is the 

 least hideous of the Indian dances. It is of a peaceful 

 character, and seems to be intended to represent, by 

 a series of movements, the power and utility of the 

 calumet. It is rude and simple, as are all the dances 

 of the Indians. 



CALVADOS j a dangerous ridge of rocks on the north 

 coast of Normandy, extending (lat. 49 22' N.) to the 

 west of Ome, for the space of ten or twelve miles. It 

 is so called from a Spanish vessel once wrecked on it, 

 and gives its name to the department. 

 CALVADOS. See Department. 

 CALVART, Dionysius, a painter, was born at Ant- 

 werp, in 1555. He went, very young, to Italy, as a 

 landscape painter ; where, in order to learn how to 

 draw figures, he entered the school of Fontana and 

 Sabbatini, in Bologna, with the latter of whom he 

 visited 'Rome. After having passed some time in 

 copying the paintings of Raphael, he opened a school 

 at Bologna, from which proceeded 137 masters, and 



among these Albano, Gniilo, and Domenichino. The 

 people of Bologna regarded him as one of the restorers 

 of their school, particularly in respect to colouring. 

 C. understood perspective, anatomy, and architecture ; 

 but the attitudes of his figures are sometimes mean 

 and exaggerated. He died in 1619, at Bologna, 

 where are his best paintings. Agostin Caracci and 

 Sadeler have engraved some of his works. 



CALVARY (in Heb., Golgotha, the skull, Luke xxiii. 

 33, or the place of the skull, Matt xxvii. 33,) ; a 

 mountain situated without the walls of Jerusalem, on 

 which Jesus Christ was crucified. Matthew relates, 

 that, at the time when our Saviour expired, the earth 

 shook, and the rocks split ; and some modern travel* 

 lers assert that the fissures in this mountain do not 

 follow the direction of the strata, but are evidently 

 supernatural. Jewish traditions affirmed, that Adam 

 was buried on mount Calvary, and the early Christians 

 believed that Jesus Christ was crucified here, that the 

 blood shed for the redemption of the world might also 

 purify the remains of the first sinner. Calvaries are 

 small chapels, raised on hills in the vicinity of cities, 

 with a crucifix, in allusion to the place and manner of 

 Christ's death. Thus the calvary of mount Valerian, 

 near Paris, is composed of seven chapels, in each of 

 which some mystery of the passion is represented. 



CALVERT, George, the first baron of Baltimore, was 

 descended of a Flemish family settled at Kipling, in 

 Yorkshire, where he was born in 1582. He was edu- 

 cated at Oxford, and, after travelling abroad, entered 

 into the service of Robert Cecil, afterwards earl of 

 Salisbury. He was knighted by James I., and made 

 clerk of the privy council, and, in 1619, was appointed 

 one of the secretaries of state. This post he resigned 

 ill 1624, in consequence of having become a Roman 

 catholic. Notwithstanding this, he retained the con- 

 fidence of the king, who, in 1625, raised him to the 

 Irish peerage of Baltimore. He had previously ob- 

 tained a grant of land in the island of Newfoundland, 

 where he was prevented from making a settlement by 

 the invasions of the French. He therefore resigned 

 his claim, receiving, instead of it, a territory on the 

 American continent, now forming the state of Mary- 

 land. That country was colonized under the patron- 

 age of lord Baltimore, who displayed justice and good 

 faith in his dealings with the Indians, and liberality to 

 religious sects in his legislative arrangements, highly 

 creditable to his principles and character. He died in 

 London, in 1632. He wrote some political tracts, 

 and his speeches in parliament and letters have also 

 been published. 



CALVIN, John (so called from Calvinus, the Latin- 

 ized form of his family name Chauviti), the second 

 great reformer of the sixteenth century, was born at 

 Noyon, in Picardy, July 10, 1509. His father, Ger- 

 ard Chauvin, a cooper, dedicated him early to the 

 church. Calvin says, in a letter to Claude d'Hangest, 

 abbot of St Eloi, at Noyon, that he was indebted to 

 the family of this prelate for his first instruction and 

 a liberal education. When hardly twelve years old, 

 he received a benefice in the cathedral of his native 

 city. Six years afterwards he was appointed to a cure, 

 which he soon exchanged for another. Thus, by the 

 means of his benefactors, he enjoyed, even before his 

 twentieth year, several benefices, and even the title 

 and income of a cure, while he was yet pursuing his 

 studies in Paris. Here he became acquainted with 

 his townsman Peter Robert Olivetan, his senior by 

 some years, from whom he received the first germ of 

 the new doctrine, which was then beginning to spread 

 in France. He was induced, by this, to renounce the 

 study of theology, and to devote himself to law, at 

 Orleans, and afterward at Bourges. He made rapid 

 progress therein, and, at the same time, studied the 

 Greek language, under Melchior Volmar. a German, 



